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OUTLINES 


OF 


LECTURES   ON   HISTORY 

ADDRESSED  TO  THE  STUDENTS 
OF 

THE    CORNELL    UNIVERSITY 


ANDREW  D.   WHITE 

PRESIDENT,  AND  PROFESSOR  OF  HISTORY 


ITHACA 
THE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 

MDCCCLXXXIII 


STACK 
ANNEX 

D 

si 


PART    III 

FRANCE 


CONTENTS. 

/.     FRANCE  BEFORE  THE  REVOLUTION. 

UNITY  AND  CENTRALIZATION. 
THE  REFORMATION  AND  WARS  OF  RELIGION. 
HENRY  IV. 

THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  RICHELIEU. 
THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  MAZARIN. 
ST.   VINCENT  DE  PAUL. 
LOUIS  XIV. 

BOSSUET  AND  FENELON. 
THE  REGENCY  AND  LOUIS  XV. 

FRENCH  INSTITUTIONS  BEFORE  THE  REVOLUTION. 
THE  FRENCH  PHILOSOPHERS  OF  THE  X  VHP*  CENTURY. 
THE  SUPPRESSION  OF  THE  JESUIT  ORDER. 
LOUIS  XVI. 
TURGOT. 

THE   INFLUENCE    OF   AMERICAN    IDEAS    UPON    THE 
FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

If.     THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

TO  THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY. 
TO  THE  STORMING  OF  THE  BASTILLE. 


CONTENTS. 

TO  THE  ABOLITION  OF  FEUDAL  PRIVILEGES. 
TO  THE  REMOVAL  OF  THE  KINO  TO  PARIS. 
TO  THE  FEDERATION  FESTIVAL. 
TO  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY. 
TO  THE  OUTBREAK  OF  THE  WAR  WITH  EUROPE. 
TO  THE  INSURRECTION  OF  THE  TENTH  OF  AUGUST. 
TO  THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  NATIONAL  CONVENTION. 
TO  THE  EXECUTION  OF  THE  GIRONDISTS. 
TO  THE  DOWNFALL  OF  ROBESPIERRE. 
TO  THE  DIRECTORY. 

III.     MODERN  FRANCE. 

THE  DIRECTORY— TO  THE  TREATY  OF  CAMPO  FORMIO. 

—TO  THE  EIGHTEENTH  BRUMAIRE. 
THE  CONSULATE. 
THE  FIRST  EMPIRE— TO  THE  TREATY  OF  TILSIT. 

—TO  THE  CONFERENCE  AT  ERFURT. 
—TO  THE  INVASION  OF  RUSSIA. 

—TO    THE   ABDICATION  OF  NAPO- 
LEON. 

THE  RESTORATION. 

LOUIS  PHILIPPE. 

THE  REPUBLIC  OF  1848  AND  THE  SECOND  EMPIRE. 

THLER8. 

THE  THIRD  REPUBLIC. 


UNITY  AND  CENTRALIZATION. 

1 .  Europe  at  the  End  of  the  Middle  Ages  : — Similarity 
in  internal  condition  and  development  of  the  great  nations, 
— decline  of  feudalism  and  growth  of  centralization, — in 
England, — in  Spain, — in  Italy, — in  Germany, — in  France. 

2.  Condition  of  France : — The   Hundred  Years'   War 
and    its    results.     Insubordination    of    the   nobles, — their 
leagues  and  lawlessness.     The  military  system, — evils  of 
the  feudal  method, — ravages  of  the  soldiery.     The  com- 
mon people, — sentiments  of  the  nobility  toward  them, — 
their  misery, — war,  famine,  and  pestilence.     The  Church, 
— noble  work  of  the  spirit  of  Christianity, — baneful  effects 
of  ecclesiasticism, — light  thrown  by  the  history  of  that  age 
upon  certain  ecclesiastical  hopes  and  promises  in  this. 

3.  Charles  VII  (1422-61)  : — Jeanne  d'Arc  and  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  English.     Importance  of  the  year  1453  to 
Europe  and  to  France, — end  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War. 
Formation  of  the  first  standing  army, — its  size, — impor- 
tance of  the  step.     Revenues  of  the  crown, — the  taille, — 
it  is  made  perpetual, — significance  of  this.     Creation  of 
new  provincial  parliaments,  or  royal  courts  of  appeal, — 
beginnings  of  a  uniform  code.     Improvements  in  finance, 
— Jacques  Coeur.     Dealings  with  the  Church, — the  Prag- 
matic Sanction  of  1438. 

4.  Louis  XI  (1461—83)  : — Hopes  of  the  nobility, — dec- 
laration of  Dunois, — their  disappointment, — power  and 
pretentions  of  some  of  them, — the  dukes  of  Burgundy  and 
Brittany.      Character   of    Louis.      Authorities   upon    his 
reign, —  Philippe   de    Comines, — Walter   Scott.       Louis's 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

policy, — the  "League  of  the  Public  Good"  and  its  defeat, 
— Louis's  methods  illustrated  by  his  dealings  with  Liege. 
Dealings  with  Burgundy, — character  of  Charles  the  Bold 
and  of  his  court, — his  destruction  through  Louis's  in- 
trigues. Ability  in  administration  shown  in  selection  of 
state  servants, — in  creation  of  new  parliaments, — in  deal- 
ings with  the  Church  and  with  ecclesiastics  (Cardinal  Ba- 
lue  and  his  cage), — contrast  between  Louis's  public  and 
personal  relations  with  the  Church.  His  agency  in  gen- 
eral progress, — printing, — the  post, — institutions  of  learn- 
ing,— curious  exception  in  his  treatment  of  the  Nominal- 
ists. Summary  of  his  work. 

5.  Charles   VIII  (14.83-98): — Revolt  of  the  nobles, — 
wretched  condition  of  the  people.     The  expedition  into 
Italy  (1494), — its  real  significance,  according  to  Guizot, — 
its  important  results  to  Europe, — beginning  of  interna- 
tional relations.     Results  to  France, — growth  of  a  national 
consciousness, — effects    of  the    expedition    upon    French 
character  and  French  art. 

6.  Louis  XII  (14.98—1515):  —  External  affairs, — con- 
tinued interference  in  Italy,— rise  of  the  idea  of  the  "bal- 
ance of  power," — the  League  of  Cambray  and  the  Holy 
League.     Internal  affairs, — growth  of  the  parliaments  and 
of  procedure,  —  of  postal  communication,  —  of  art,  espe- 
cially architecture.       Good  influence  of  Louis's  personal 
character  upon  the  nation, — its  uniqueness  in  this  respect, 
— Francis  I,  Henry  IV,  and  Louis  XIV  as  examples  of 
the  contrary. 


THE  REFORMATION  AND  WARS  OF  RELIGION. 

1.  The  Reform  Party  in  France: — Premature  ideas  of 
reform  in  Southern  France  in  the   I3th  century, — estab- 
lishment of  the  Inquisition,  and  utter  extirpation  of  the 
Albigensian  heresy.      The  Protestant  Reformation, — be- 
ginnings at  Meaux, — Briconnet, — Lefevre, — Farel, — Cal- 
vin and  his  work.     Effect  of  popular  discontent  in  induc- 
ing the  rural  population  to  accept  the  new  doctrines, — 
similar  effect  of  the  supremacy  of  the   Medici  and   the 
Guises  at  court  upon  certain  high  nobles.     Reform  sympa- 
thies of  a  large  body  of  thoughtful  men  and  women, — 
Marguerite  of  France.     Selfish  motives  of  sundry  nobles. 

2.  The  Church  Party  : — The  court, — peculiar  union  of 
churchmanship  with  immorality, — attitude  of  Francis  I 

(I5I5-47)- 

3.  Beginnings  of   Government  Dealings  with  Hetero- 
doxy : — Arguments  for  intolerance.      Persecution  of  the 
Vaudois, — terrible  severity  of  Oppede.     Remorse  of  the 
king, — struggle  of  his  better  instincts  in  the  case  of  Ber- 
quin, — execution  of  Berquin.      New  persecutions, — tort- 
ure of  the  heretics, — declaration  of  the  king. 

4.  Henry  II  (154.1-59)  : — His  character, — execution  of 
Anne  Dubourg.      Character  of  the  queen,  Catherine  de 
Medici.     Death  of  Henry. 

5.  Catherine   de   Medici  and  Her  Sons: — Francis  II 
(1559-60).     Continued  persecutions, — growth  of  the  re- 
form party, — Protestant  conspiracy  of  Amboise, — its  fail- 
ure and  cruel  retribution.     Charles  IX  (1560-74).     At- 
tempts  at   agreement, — colloquy   of  Poissy, — Beza   and 
Lainez, — manifest  futility  of  this  effort.     Attempts  at  tol- 
eration,— the  chancellor  L'Hopital, — Bodin  and  Castelnau, 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

— growing  bitterness  of  party  spirit.  Outbreak  of  civil 
war, — the  outrage  at  Vassy, — popularity  of  Francis  of 
Guise, — his  assassination, — the  war  begun. 

6.  The  Three  Factions: — I.  The  Catholic  party, — the 
Guises, — their  mixed  motives, — popular  element  in  the 
party.     2.  The  Huguenot  party, —  its  strongholds, — Co- 
ligny   and    the    Bourbons.      3.    The    moderate   party, — 
L'Hopital  and  Bodin, — its  aims.     Incapacity  of  the  Valois 
kings  to  control  the  struggle, — their  policy. 

7.  The   Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew   (1572): — At- 
tempt at  reconciliation  by  marriage  of  Henry  of  Navarre 
with  Marguerite  of  Valois,  —  invitation  of  all  the  great 
Protestants    to    the    wedding, — the    marriage    festivities. 
The  plot, — the  king's  reluctant  consent, —  St.   Bartholo- 
mew's Day  (24  Aug.    1572), — murder  of  Coligny, — the 
massacre, — frenzy  of  the  king, — cunning  purpose  of  Cath- 
erine de  Medici.     The  flowering  hawthorn, — renewal  of 
the  massacre, — its  spread  throughout  France, — its  extent, 
— immediate  and  remote  results.      Reception  of  the  news 
throughout  Europe, — in  England, — at  Rome.     Responsi- 
bility of  the  Church. 

8.  The  Wars  of  the  League  : — Escape  and  recantation 
of  Henry  of  Navarre.     Formation  of  the  Holy  League, — 
its  leaders  and  abettors.     Difficult  position  of  Henry  III 
(1574-89)    and    his   court, — traditional  Valois  policy  of 
trimming.     Efforts  to  keep  up  fanaticism, — the  "  Sixteen," 
—curious  parallel  between  these  methods  and  those  of  the 
English  Puritans.     Efforts  to  secure  aid  from  abroad, — 
sympathies  of  the  several  powers.     Increase  of  the  popu- 
larity of  the  Guises, — Day  of  the  Barricades  (1588),— des- 
peration of  Henry  III, — the  Guises  assassinated  at  Blois. 
Fury  of  the  Catholic  party, — assassination  of  Henry  III 
by  Jacques  Clement  (1589). 

9.  Effects  of  the  Reformation  and  Wars  of  Religion  : — 
On  the  physical  condition  of  the  French  people, — on  their 
intellectual  development, — on  their  moral  development, — 
on  their  political  development.     The  great  want  of  France. 


HENRY  IV. 

1 .  State  of  France  after  the  Assassination  of  Henry  III : 
— Condition  of  Paris, — bitterness  of  preachers,  monks,  and 
people, — their  insane  hatred  of  Henry  of  Navarre.     Con- 
dition of  the  provinces, — turbulence  of  the  nobles, — efforts 
of  the  cities.     Claimants  to  the  crown, — Henry  of  Navarre 
and  the   Salic   law, — Philip  of  Spain, — the   Cardinal  de 
Bourbon, — the  young  duke  of  Guise.     Disadvantage  to 
Henry  of  his  Protestantism. 

2.  Henry 's  Struggle  against  Force  : — Opposition  of  the 
Church, — of  Spain, — of  factions  in  France.     Elements  of 
strength  in  Henry, — his  early  life, — his  home  training, — 
his  mother,  Jeanne  d'Albret, — his  favorite  reading  in  boy- 
hood,— lesson  of  this  as  to  the  uses  of  biography, — influ- 
ence of  the  Lives  of  the  Saints  and  of  Plutarch's  Lives,  as 
illustrations, — results  in  Henry's  case, — Moncontour.     His 
character, —  curious    mixture    of  qualities, — his    religious 
spirit, — his  frank,  attractive  manner, — his  loose  ideas  as  to 
morality, — his  shrewdness.     Points  in  his  favor, — his  legit- 
imacy,— its  recognition  by  his  predecessor, — his  military 
success, — his  valor, — Arques  and  Ivry.     Insane  energy  of 
the  League  in  Paris, — fanaticism  and  atrocities  of  the  mob, 
— result  of  all  this. 

3.  His  Struggle  against  Opinion  : — Change  in  popular 
feeling  toward  him, — reaction  in  his  favor  at  Paris, — his 
personal  efforts  to  this  end, — his  sayings, — his  kindly  acts. 
The  Satire  Menippce, — its  authors, — its  popularity, — plan 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

of  the  work  (citations).  Henry's  conversion  to  Catholi- 
cism [1593], — his  coronation, — his  entrance  into  Paris 
[1594].  Union  of  the  nation  in  the  war  against  Spain, — 
Peace  of  Vervins  [1598]. 

4.  His  Religious  Policy : — Religious  condition  of  France, 
— political  necessity  of  Henry's  conversion, — arguments  in 
its  favor.     Conditions  of  his  absolution, — readmission  of 
the  Jesuits.     Feeling  of  earnest  Protestants,  like  Duplessis- 
Mornay  and  D'Aubigne.     The  Edict  of  Nantes  [i  598], — 
its  nature, — guaranties  for  its  execution, — political  danger 
of  this  granting  of  strongholds.     Comparison  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes  with  the  Religious  Peace  of  Augsburg. 

5.  His  Foreign  Policy  : — His  dealings  with  the  House 
of  Austria, — his  plan  for  a  great  new  European  state- 
system,  as  laid  down  in  Sully's  memoirs, — doubtful  authen- 
ticity of  this. 

6.  His  Domestic  Policy : — Mixture  in  his  statesmanship 
of  thoughtfulness   and    carelessness.     His    magnanimity. 
Sully, — his  character, — his  ideas  and  reforms, — his  theory 
as  to  agriculture, — Olivier  de  Serres  and  his  book.     Hen- 
ry's noble  encouragement  of  manufactures, — his  faith  in 
free   trade.       His    public   works, — canals, — palaces, — the 
cathedral  of  Orleans.     His  dealings  with  the  nobles, — his 
lenience, —  their   lawless  independence, — dueling, —  D'E- 
pernon  and  Biron, — execution  of  the  latter. 

7.  His  Colonial  Policy: — The  French  in  America, — 
De  Monts  and  Champlain, — Quebec. 

8.  The  New  Growth  of  Fanaticism  : — Preparations  for 
war  with  Spain, — assassination  of  Henry  by  the  Jesuit 
Ravaillac  [1610]. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  RICHELIEU. 

1.  Statesmanship: — Three  leading  types  of  statesman- 
ship,     i.  That  based  on  faith  in  some  great  militant  prin- 
ciple,— Cavour,  Cobderi,  Lincoln,  Sumner.     2.  That  which 
reorganizes   an    old   state    to    fit   new   times, — Cranmer, 
Turgot,  Gladstone.     3.  That  which  serves  a  state  in  times 
of  chaos, — Richelieu. 

2.  France  in  Distress: — Death  of  Henry  IV.  [1610], — 
first  phase  of  national  feeling, — second  phase.     Clutch  by 
the  nobles  at  power, — D'Epernon  and  the  Parliament  of 
Paris.      Regency  of  Marie  de   Medici, — the   Concinis, — 
troubles  from  the  great  nobles, — their  last  threat.     States- 
General  finally  called  [1614], — complaints  of  the  nobles, — 
of  the  clergy, — of  the   people, — France   as  pictured  in 
Miron's  speech, — the  sessions  stopped  ridiculously.     What 
had    been    given   to    France, — remembrances    of    young 
Richelieu's  speech.     Conde  and  the  nobles  defiant  again, 
— Richelieu  given  control  of  the  kingdom, — his  dealings 
with  the  rebellion.     Catastrophe  which  throws  him  out  of 
power, — end  of  the  Concinis, — DeLuynes, — formidable  or- 
ganization of  the  Protestants, — civil  war  again, — Richelieu 
recalled.     Picture  of  France  at  this  period,  from  Richelieu's 
Testament  Politique, — three  great  objects  of  Richelieu's 
policy  of  which  he  was  conscious, — one  great  object  of 
which  he  was  unconscious. 

3.  Richelieu  and  the  Huguenots: — Position  of  the  Hu- 
guenots in  La  Rochelle, — skill  of  Richelieu's  diplomacy, — 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

boldness  of  his  attack.  The  check, — Buckingham  and  the 
English, — their  failure.  Heedlessness  of  the  nobles, — 
Richelieu  erects  new  siege- works, — builds  his  dyke, — forms 
a  new  navy, — reforms  the  army, — outwits  traitors, — sub- 
dues the  king  and  court.  Desperate  courage  of  the  Hu- 
guenots. Richelieu's  greatness  after  victory. 

4.  Richelieu  and  the  Great  Nobles: — His  point  of  attack, 
—  first    lesson    to   the    grandees, — second    lesson, — was 
Richelieu  cruel  ?     Hatred, — new  lessons  to  nobles, — les- 
son to  the  Parliament  of  Paris.     Richelieu  calls  in  the  aid 
of  the  people, — the  Assembly  of  Notables, — reforms. 

5.  Richelieu    and   Austria: — Striking    peculiarity    of 
Richelieu's  European  alliances.     His  relations  with  Ger- 
man  Protestants, — Father  Joseph's  work.     The    master- 
stroke. 

6.  Summary  of  Richelieu 's  Work: — i.  On  the  political 
progress  of  France.     2.   On  the  general  progress  of  Europe. 
3.  On  the  secularization  of  European  politics.     4.  On  the 
internal  prosperity  of  France.     Light  thrown  on  his  life  at 
his  hour  of  death. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  MAZARIN. 

1.  Kingship: — The   search    for  it, — nominal   kings, — 
real  kings.      Death  of  Richelieu  [1642], —  his    grasp   on 
France  not  relaxed, — death  of  Louis  XIII  [1643], — his 
grasp  on  France  relaxed  at  once.     Will  of  the  dead  Louis 
broken  by  his  friends, — wish  of  the  dead  Richelieu  obeyed 
by  his  enemies, — reason  of  this. 

2.  Mazarin  : — His  training, — his  character, — compari- 
son of  Mazarin  with  Richelieu.     Glance  at  the  military 
history  of  his  administration, — the  Thirty  Years'  War, — 
the  Peace  of  Westphalia  [1648]. 

3.  Ferment: — Civil  history,  1641-48, — Mazarin's  pre- 
liminary smoothness, — he  carries  out  Richelieu's  policy, — 
ferment  among  the  nobles.      Great  fault  of  statesmen  in 
that  age, —  D'Emeri, — ferment  among  the  people.      The 
Parliament  of  Paris, — its  character  and  career, — its  resist- 
ance to  Mazarin  and  D'Emeri, — influence  of  the  English 
revolution, — Mazarin  resolves  to  humble  the  Parliament, 
— the  Paulette, — the  Parliament  humbles  Mazarin, — the 
twenty- seven  articles, — ferment  in  the  Parliament.     Car- 
dinal de  Retz, — his  character  and  schemes.     Summary  of 
the  situation. 

4.  Explosion : — The  Te  Deum  for  the  victory  of  Lens, 
— seizure  of  Broussel, — hubbub, — Mazarin  forced  to  yield, 
— the  Treaty  of  St.  Germain  [1648]. 

5.  The   Fronde: — Mazarin's   new   move, — De   Retz's 
new  rebellion, — siege  of  Paris, — broad  farce, — the  new 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

nickname.  De  Retz  and  the  nobles  go  too  far, — the  Par- 
liament, frightened,  treats  with  Mazarin  (Peace  of  Rueil, 
1649).  The  rebellion  degenerates,  —  confusion  of  petty 
motives, — Beaufort's  skill  in  teasing  Mazarin.  Complex- 
ity of  the  plot, — fickleness  and  treachery  of  the  actors, — 
Mazarin  alone  persistent, — his  exile.  Mazarin  returns 
from  exile, — his  triumph  [1653]. 

6.  Absolutism  built  at  last : — Last  struggle  of  the  Par- 
liament,— Mazarin  teaches  young  Louis  XIV  to  crush  it. 
First  need  of  France  at  that  time, — fate  of  unearnest  na- 
tions,— comparison  of  the  Fronde  with  the  English  revo- 
lution. Mazarin's  policy.  Summary  of  the  effects  wrought 
out  by  Richelieu  and  Mazarin. 


ST.  VINCENT  DE  PAUL. 

1.  Sources: — Four  great  historical  currents  which  at- 
tract notice, — one  current  which  escapes  notice, — its  ori- 
gin  and    course, — growths  which  it  has  nourished, — the 
most  beautiful  of  these.       The  soil, — vileness  of  French 
life  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  as  shown 
by  the  history  of  that  period, — noble  position  of  one  man 
in  that  history  and  in  all  history, — real  secret  of  the  power 
of  the  Church  of  Rome. 

2.  Vincent  de  Paul  [1576-1660]  : — His  birth  and  early 
life, — his  education, — his  orthodoxy, — his  dislike  of  theo- 
logic  disputes.     Strange  story   of  his  captivity  and  es- 
cape,— his  rise  into  prominence, — curious  connection  with 
Cardinal  de  Retz.     He  is  found  by  his  life-work. 

3.  His  Work: 

A. — St.  Vincent  and  the  Clergy:  —  Condition  of  the 
French  clergy  in  his  time.  His  efforts  for  their  improve- 
ment,— his  personal  influence, — his  seminaries, — his  new 
religious  order  (the  Priests  of  the  Mission).  Official  recog- 
nition,— the  Council  on  Religious  Affairs, — reason  of  its 
dissolution. 

B. — St.  Vincent  and  the  Afflicted: — I.  His  work  with 
the  peasantry, — wretched  sanitary  condition  of  Europe, 
— growth  of  the  new  charity, — efforts  to  relieve  the  mis- 
ery brought  by  war.  2.  The  Sisters  of  Charity, — first 
suggestion  of  the  order, — its  growth  from  his  heart, — its 
wonderful  spread.  3.  His  work  among  criminals, — story 
regarding  his  devotion  to  the  galley-slaves.  4.  His  work 
for  the  foundlings, — his  asylums, — anecdotes  of  his  love 
for  these  helpless  waifs, — hold  taken  by  this  upon  the 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

popular  heart,   as  shown   by  representations  of  him  in 
painting  and  sculpture. 

4.  His  Character: — Its  development, — his  submission 
to  Church  authority, — his  ascetic  habits, — his  rare  combi- 
nation of  the  deepest  religious  feeling  with  great  adminis- 
trative ability, — Vincent  de  Paul  and  John  Wesley. 

5.  His  Relations  to  the  Political  History  of  his  Time: 
— i.   His  tutelage  of  De  Retz.     2.   His  influence  with  the 
queen  in  favor  of  the  retention  of  Mazarin.     Great  moral 
truth  revealed  by  his  relations  with  Richelieu  and  Maza- 
rin. 

6.  His  Beatification  and  Canonization  : — His  self-devo- 
tion and  its  natural  result, — illustration  of  this  result  at 
the  death  of  Louis  XIII.     Miracles  ascribed  to  him, — in- 
evitableness  of  this  ascription.     Beginning  of  proceedings 
for  his  beatification  [1712], — preliminary  testimony, — ex- 
amination of  his  body, — formal  investigation  of  the  mir- 
acles,— defeat  of  the  "Devil's  Advocate", — papal  decree 
of    beatification    [1729].       Popular   rejoicings   over   this 
event, —  multiplication  of  miracles, — taking  of  additional 
testimony, — the  Pope's  approval  of  the  two  required  mir- 
acles,— the  bill  of  canonization  [1737].     Reality  of  Vin- 
cent's saintship. 


LOUIS  XIV. 

FIRST  LECTURE. 

I.  The  Fronde  and  the  Young  King. 

1.  Effect  of  the  Fronde  on  Louis's  character, — lessons 
which  it  taught  him, — conviction  and  theory  which  it  gave 
him. 

2.  Influence  of  Mazarin  on  Louis's  education, — Maza- 
rin's  prophecy  regarding  him, — first  public  revelation  of 
his  qualities.     Death  of  Mazarin  [1661], — his  two  legacies 
to  Louis.     Louis  reigns  alone, — character  of  his  rule. 

II.  Fertility  of  the  Time  in  Great  Men. 

1.  Colbert: — His   career, — vast  scope  of  his  activity. 
A.     Colbert  and  Finance:    Chaos, — Fouquet, — Colbert's 
unpopularity  and  its  causes, — his  taxation  of  luxuries, — 
his  hostility  to  loans, — improvement  of  the  revenue  during 
his   administration.      B.     Colbert  and  Agriculttire :    His 
good  work  at  the  outset, — his  great  fault  in  policy, — pro- 
tection.    C.    Colbert  and  Manufactures :   Suppression  of 
holidays, — other  fostering  measures, — protection  again, — 
France  and  Holland.     D.    Colbert  and  the  Navy.     E.    Col- 
bert and  the  Fine  Arts.     Disgrace  and  death  of  Colbert 
[1683], — end  of  the  peaceful  period  of  Louis's  reign. 

2.  Louvois  and  War : — His  skill  in  directing  armies, — 
his  faculty  for  organization, — his  faults. 

3.  Vauban  and  Military  Engineering : — His  improve- 
ments in  the  art  of  fortification, — in  the  art  of  besieging. 

4.  Scguier  and  Legislation  : — The  new  codification, — 
the  six  codes. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

5.  De  Lionne,  D'Avaux,  and  Bonrepaux  in  Diploma- 
cy:— Their  wonderful  skill, — Louis's  stupid  vanity. 

6.  Other  Great  Men  : — Generals. — Poets. — Prose-writ- 
ers.—  Philosophers. —  Pulpit-orators. —  Historians.  —  Men 
of  learning. — Painters. — Sculptors. — Architects. 

7.  Cause  of  this  Blaze  of  Genius  and  Talent: — Whence 
came  these  great  men  ? — "  Which  is  the  more  favorable  to 
the  development  of  art,  science,  and  literature — a  republic 
or  a  monarchy  ?  "     The  argument  on  each  side, — the  rid- 
dle read. 

III.  Military  Affairs. 

1.  War  with  Spain  [1667-68]  : — Invasion  of  Flanders, 
— seizure  of  Franche  Comte, — Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

2.  War   with   Holland   [1672-78]: — Its    commercial 
cause, — its  religious  cause.     The  passage  of  the  Rhine, — 
deification  of  humbug.     Revolution  in  Holland, — William 
of  Orange, — cutting   of  the  dykes.      Second  seizure  of 
Franche  Comte, — Peace  of  Nymwegen. 


LOUIS  XIV. 

SECOND  LECTURE. 

1.  Absolutism  in  its  First  Phase : — The  child's  copy- 
book   in    St.   Petersburg, — light  streaming  from   it  over 
French  history.     Things  admirable  in  Louis's  early  char- 
acter. 

2.  Absolutism  in  its  Second  Phase  : — Destruction  of  all 
local  powers.     Quotations  from  Louis's  memoirs  to  show 
his  theory, — historical  sketch  to  show  his  practice.     (Cita- 
tions from  St.  Simon  and  Dangeau.) 

3.  "Grandeur"   in  France:  —  New   worship, — palace- 
building, — flunkeyism, — high  heels  and  periwigs.     Death 
of  Colbert, — Madame  de  Maintenon  and  the  Jesuits  (La 
Chaise  and  Le  Tellier).     Proselytism, — by  discrimination, 
— by  bribes, — by  penalties, — the  dragonnades.     Revoca- 
tion of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  [1685], — its  results. 

4.  "Glory"  in  Europe: — Louis's  attempt  to  browbeat 
Europe, — return  of  English  captives  to  the  Algerines, — 
bombardment  of  Genoa, — insult  to  the  Pope, — the  Cham- 
bers  of   Reunion.       Louis's   attempt   to   bribe   Europe. 
William  of  Orange  and  the  League  of  Augsburg  [1686]. 
The  Revolution  in  England  [1688],     War  of  the  League 
of  Augsburg  [1688-97],  —  burning  of  the  Palatinate, — 
Peace  of  Ryswick  [1697]. 

5.  "  Grandeur"  and  "  Glory"  to  be  Paid  for : — Vauban's 
picture  of  French  wretchedness.     Progress  of  tyranny, — 
disgrace  of  Vauban, — of  Racine, — of  Fenelon, —  the  se- 
cret  police, — lettres   de   cachet.       "  Glory "    gives   a  last 
bright  flicker.       War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  [1701— 
1714], — weakness  of  despotism, —  Marlborough, —  Peace 
of    Utrecht    [1714].       Last   days   of   Louis, — his   death 
[1715], — his  burial.     The  secret  of  his  failure. 


BOSSUET  AND  F^NELON. 

FIRST  LECTURE. 

I.  Bossuet. 

1.  Early  Years: — His  birth  [1627], — his  family.      His 
precocity, — his  early  veneration  for  the  Sacred  Books, — 
he  receives  the  tonsure  at  eight,  and  is  made  a  canon  at 
thirteen. 

2.  His  Education  : — At  Dijon  under  the  Jesuits, — at 
Paris  under  Nicolas  Cornet.     Influence  of  Cornet, — of  the 
political  life  of  the  time, — of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul.     Bos- 
suet's  early  eloquence, — incident  of  the  Hotel  de  Ram- 
bouillet, — his  firmness  of  character.     He  takes  his  doctor's 
degree  [1652]. 

3.  Bossuet  at  Metz  : — He  enters  the  priesthood,  and  is 
made  Archdeacon  of  Metz.     His  work  at  Metz, — efforts 
against   Protestantism, — difference   between  his   personal 
and  his  official  attitude.     Unsuccessful  attempts  to  induce 
him  to  return  to   Paris, — his  sermon   before  the  queen 
regent  and  Mazarin  [1657], — its  twofold  result. 

4.  Bossuet  at  Paris : — His  eloquence, — his  devotion  to 
study, — his  erudition.     He  is  made  Bishop  of  Condom, — 
is  admitted  to  the  Academy.     Character  of  his  oratory, 
— his    deference  to   royalty, — his  funeral   orations    (over 
Queen  Henrietta  of  England, — over  the  duchess  of  Or- 
leans,—over   the   prince  of  Conde), — their   largeness   of 
view. 

5.  Bossuet  and  Protestantism: — The  Exposition  de  la 
Doctrine  Catholique  [1661], — its  power  in  statement, — its 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

concessions.     The  Histoire  des  Variations  des  Eglises  Pro- 
testantes  [1688], — Bossuet  and  Chillingworth. 

6.  Bossuet  and  Jansenism  : — The  Port- Royalists, — con- 
tumacy of  the  nuns, — Bossuet's  effort  to  convert  them, — 
revolt  of  his  better  nature.     His  work  on  the  Port-Royal 
translation  of  the  Bible. 

7.  Bossuet  Preceptor  to  the  Dauphin  [1670—79]  : — Dig- 
nity of  the  office, — popularity  of  his  appointment, — worth- 
lessness  of  the  royal  pupil.      Bossuet's  devotion   to  his 
work, — his  letter  to  the  Pope, — his  works  for  the  use  of 
the  dauphin, — the  Traite  de  la  Connaissance  de  Dieu  et  de 
Soi-meme, — the  Histoire  Universelle, — its  importance   in 
the  history  of  historical  writing, — Bossuet's  philosophy  of 
history, — distorting    influence   of  his   theology   upon    his 
selection  and  treatment  of  details, — real  greatness  of  his 
plan, — the  Politiqne  Sacree, — its  absolutism, — Bossuet  and 
Louis  XIV.     Incidental  labors, — range  of  his  studies  with 
the  dauphin, — reason  of  their  uselessness,  so  far  as  the 
prince  himself  was  concerned, — influence  of  his  educa- 
tional works  upon  the  French  people. 

8.  Bossuet  at  Meaux  : — He  is  made  Bishop  of  Meaux 
[1681], — reason  why  he  received  no  higher  appointment. 
The  controversy  between  Louis  XIV  and  Innocent  XI, — 
the  Regale, — the  Assembly  of   1682, — Bossuet  becomes 
the  champion  of  the  "  liberties  of  the  Gallican  church," 
— the  Four  Articles.     His  work  for  the  Church  of  Rome, 
— his    conversions   from    Protestantism, — his    prestige    in 
Europe.       Two  illustrations  of  his  method: — I.  Bossuet 
and  Richard  Simon  ;  2.  Bossuet  and  Fenelon. 


BOSSUET  AND  FfiNELON. 

SECOND  LECTURE. 

II.  Fenelon. 

1.  Early  Years: — His  birth  [1651], — his  family, — his 
attractiveness.     Early  theological  studies  at  St.  Sulpice. 

2.  First  Labors : — He  seeks  to  go  as  a  missionary  to 
Canada, — to  Greece, — successful  opposition  of  his  family, 
— is  selected  to  work  upon  converted  Protestants, — incurs 
the  hatred  of  Harlay,  Archbishop  of  Paris.     His  mastery 
of  the  French  language, — early  writings, — the  Traite  de 
r Education  dcs  Filles, — the  Criticism  of  Malebranche, — 
the  Traite  du  Ministere  des  Pasteurs, — qualities  common 
to  these  works.     His  mission  to  Poitou, — his  noble  stipu- 
lation,— his  method  and  its  success, — attacks  of  Harlay, — 
Fenelon  accused  of  heresy, — of  indifferentism. 

3.  Fenelon  Preceptor  to  the  Younger  Dauphin  \_i6Sy— <?/].* 
— Reasons  of  his  appointment, — importance  of  the  posi- 
tion,— character  of  the  young  Duke  of  Burgundy.     Fene- 
lon's  wonderful  success, — comparison  of  his  method  with 
that  of  Bossuet,  in  intellectual  training, — in  moral  training. 
Fenelon's  writings  during  this  period, — the  Fables, — their 
purpose, — the  Dialogues  des  Morts, — their  character  and 
value, — arguments  against  despotism, — against  anarchy, — 
the  Directions  pour  la  Conscience  d'un  Rot, — its  plain  words 
on  the  duties  of  kings  to  their  subjects  and  to  other  nations, 
— the  Telemaque, — ideas  inculcated  in  it, — its  anticipation 
of  the  laissez-faire  theory  of  government, — its  unconscious 
reproduction  of  living  characters.     His  anonymous  letter 
to  the  king, — its  justification, — its  contents, — its  startling 
directness. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

4.  Fenelon  Archbishop  of  Cambrai : — He  is  made  Arch- 
bishop-Duke of  Cambrai  [1695], — reason  why  he  was  not 
made  Archbishop  of  Paris, — resignation  of  his  other  pre- 
ferments,— his  influence  upon  his  new  province. 

5.  Fenelon   and  Quietism  : — Rise   of  the    Quietists, — 
Molinos, — main  points  of  his  doctrine, — its  condemnation 
by  the  Pope, — its  danger  to  the  Church  and  to  morality. 
Introduction  of  Quietism  into  France  by  Madame  Guyon, 
— her  character, — hostility  of  Harlay, — his  persecution  of 
her.     Reasons  why  Fenelon  defended  Madame  Guyon, — 
intervention  of  the  "  Eagle  of  Meaux," — his  attack  upon 
Quietism, — Fenelon's  refusal  to  sanction  it, — publication 
of  his  own  book,  the  Maxitnes  des  Saints  sur  la  Vie  In- 
tcrieure  [1697].     Previous  friendship  of  Bossuet  and  Fene- 
lon,— beginning  of  the  breach, — its  results  to  Fenelon. 
Character  of  the  Maximes  des  Saints, — general  approval 
at  first, — Bossuet's  assault  upon  it, — success  of  his  theo- 
logic   intrigues, — attitude  of  the  king, — condemnation  of 
the  book  by  the  Sorbonne, — Fenelon's  tutorship  taken 
from  him, — his  banishment  to  his  diocese, — further  ill- 
treatment.     The  appeal  to  Rome, — sympathy  of  the  Pope, 
— Bossuet's  emissaries, — the  Pope's  fear  of  Louis, — threats 
of  the  latter, — Fenelon's  book  at  last  condemned  by  the 
Church  [1699]. 

6.  Fenelon    in  Disgrace : — His   humble  submission, — 
fraudulent  publication  of  the  Telemaque, — its  misinterpre- 
tation,— culmination  of  the  royal  displeasure.     Fenelon  at 
Cambrai, — his  treatment  of  Protestants, — his  care  of  the 
sick  and  wounded, — his  quiet  patience. 

7.  Last  Years : — Death  of  Bossuet  [1705], — unworthy 
close  of  his  life.     Last  years  of  Fenelon, — his  unfaltering 
devotion  to  his  work, — his  manly  death  [1715], — undying 
enmity  of  Louis. 

8.  Bossuet  and  Fenelon: — Transitoriness  of  the  work 
of  Bossuet, — endurance  of  the  work  of  Fenelon. 


THE  REGENCY  AND  LOUIS  XV. 

I.  The  Regency  [1715-23]. 

1.  The  Regent: — His  character, — Louis  XIV's  will  bro- 
ken,— condition  of  France. 

2.  Foreign  Difficulties: — Alberoni  and  his  plots, — Du- 
bois  and  his  counterplots. 

3.  Domestic  Difficulties  : — The  debt, — expedients, — John 
Law  and  his  scheme, — its  wonderful  success — and  failure, 
— effect  upon  the  national  character.     The  plague  at  Mar- 
seilles,— Belzunce.     The  orgies  at  Paris, — the  roue's.     Bel- 
zunce  and  Dubois  rivals, — the  cardinal's  hat, — the  statue. 

II.  Louis  XV  [1723-74]. 

1.  The  Duke  of  Bourbon's  Ministry  \_ij2j- 26] : — His 
character, — the  king's  marriage, — of  "smart"  policy  in 
general  and  Bourbon's  policy  in  particular. 

2.  Cardinal  Fleury's  Ministry  [1726—43]  : — His  peace 
policy, — Fleury  and  Walpole.     Jansenists  and  Jesuits, — 
the  bull   Unigenitus, — Christophe  de  Beaumont  and  the 
billets  de  confession, — intervention  of  the  Parliament  of 
Paris, — the  miracles  at  Paris  and  St.-Medard.     Death  of 
Fleury. 

3.  Cotillon  Numero  Un  [1743—45]  •' — Madame  de  Cha- 
teauroux, — playing  at  soldiers, — a  fright. 

4.  Cotillon    Numero   Deux    [1745-64]  : — Madame   de 
Pompadour, — her   character, — her   system, — Machault, — 
the  Pare  aux  Cerfs.     "  Petticoat  No.  2  "  Maria  Theresa's 
"  cousin," — the  Seven  Years'  War. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

5.  Cotillon  Numero  Trots  [i  764-7  4}  / — Madame  du 
Barri, — her  advent, — Du  Barri  and  the  Jesuits, — France 
shameless  and  hopeless.  (Citations.) 

III.  Philosophy  and  Jesuitism. 

Choiseul  and  the  Philosophers  versus  Du  Barri  and  the 
Jesuits, — Choiseul  triumphant.  Piety  of  Louis  XV, — 
tricks, — Du  Barri  triumphant.  Louis  drawing  near  the 
end, — his  indifference  to  consequences, — his  loathsome 
death, — jubilation,  —  the  mourners.  Condition  of  the 
French  nation, — whose  was  the  blame  ? 


FRENCH  INSTITUTIONS  BEFORE  THE 
REVOLUTION. 

I.   The  Old  Triple  Body  of  Wrong. 

1.  Old  selfish  Laws — fostering  Inequality. 

2.  Old  selfish  Habits — fostering  Confusion. 

3.  Old  selfish  Men — fostering  Oppression. 

II.  The  Church. 

1.  Its  Inequalities : — Inequality  in  dioceses, —  in  reve- 
nues. 

2.  Its  Oppression: — Its  hatred  of  new   thought, — its 
persecutions  of  Protestants, — the  Galas  and  Sirven  affairs, 
— attempts  at  repression  of  thought, —  insincerity  of  all 
this. 

3.  Its    Corruption:  —  Dubois, — Tencin  and  Lafitau, — 
spread  of  this  internal  corruption, — anecdotes. 

III.  The  State. 

1.  Royalty: — Villeroi's  speech, — "despotism  tempered 
by  epigrams," — royal  •  ordinances, — lits  de  justice, — royal 
taxation, — lettres  de  cachet, — "  Madame  de  Pompadour's 
little  whims,  you  know."     Absolutism  defiant  to  the  last, 
— Louis's  dying  confession. 

2.  Nobility  : — Noblesse  and  Roturiers, — the  gulf, — dis- 
criminations, —  caste,  —  exemptions, — privileges.       Spirit 
of  the  nobles.     Their  number. 

3.  The  Parliament  of  Paris : — Its  composition, — pur- 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

chase  of  judgeships, — the  legal  caste.  Its  functions, — 
registry, — the  "  bed  of  justice," — harsher  treatment, — 
weakness  of  the  Parliament. 

4.  The  Assembly  of  Notables : — its  composition     — its 
defects. 

5.  The  States- General: — Its   composition, — its  uncer- 
tain character, — its  long  disuse. 

6.  Administration: — A.  General  Administration.     The 
Ministers, — mixture  of  functions, — sale  of  offices, — sine- 
cures.    B.  Military  Affairs.     C.   Justice.     Confusion  of 
provincial  courts  and  customs, — bad  principles  in  proced- 
ure,— preliminary  torture, — denial  of  counsel, — conceal- 
ment of  charges, — presumption  of^guilt, — barbarous  modes 
of  punishment, — case  of  Damiens, — of  De  la  Barre, — the 
wheel.     D.  Finance.     Carelessness  of  the  state  credit, — 
inequality  in  taxation, — the  Farmers- General, — ignorance 
of  political  economy, — protection. 

IV.  The  People. 

Hatred  created  in  the  richer  class  by  inequality.  Mis- 
ery created  in  the  poorer  class  by  oppression, — false  ideas 
of  labor, — feudal  exactions.  The  French  peasantry  as 
caricatured  by  Gillray, — as  described  by  Arthur  Young, 
— Robert  Miron's  figure, — statistics, — a  personal  reminis- 
cence. Secret  of  this  oppression. 


THE  FRENCH  PHILOSOPHERS  OF  THE  XVIIIth 
CENTURY. 

I.  Their  Rise. 

1.  Transition  from  the  Classic  literature  of  Louis  XIV's 
time  to  the  Philosophic  literature  of  Louis  XV's  time, — 
Mignet's  remark. 

2.  First  Suggestions  of  reform, — alliance  of  the  Church 
with  despotism  (Guizot's  statement), — results  of  this  alli- 
ance,— a  new  influence  (Buckle's  researches). 

II.  Montesquieu  [1689-1755]. 

1.  First   Period: — His   origin,  —  his   official   position. 
The  Lettres  Persanes  [1721]. 

2.  Second  Period ': — His  travels, — visit  to  England.    The 
Causes  de  la  Grandeur  et  de  la  Decadence  des  Ro  mains 
[1734], — its  value, — Napoleon's  opinion  of  it, — Buckle's 
opinion.     The  Esprit  des  Lois  [1748]. 

III.  Voltaire  [1694-1778]. 

1.  His  Early  Years  : — His  birth, — his  name.     His  way- 
wardness,— his  genius, — his  education  by  the  Jesuits. 

2.  His    Writings: — First   writings,  —  tragedies,  —  the 
Henriade,  — the  Lettres  philosophiques, — the  Essai  sur  les 
Mceurs, — La  Pucelle. 

3.  His  Life  : — His  attitude  toward  monarchy, — his  per- 
sonal morality, — lack  of  calmness  and  dignity  in  his  life. 
His  life  at  Cirey, — at  the  court  of  Frederick  the  Great, — 
at  Ferney.     Nobler  phase  of  his  life  near  its  close, — the 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

Calas  affair, — its  results, — Beccaria  and  the  abolition  of 
torture.  His  life  as  a  whole, — contradictions  in  his  char- 
acter. His  death, — his  burial. 

4.  His  Influence  : — Voltaire's  real  conservatism, — as  to 
politics, — as  to  society, — as  to  religion, — "  tearing  down." 
IV.  Rousseau  [1712-1778]. 

His  early  life  and  pursuits.  The  two  prize  essays, 
— the  Contrat  social, — the  Profession  de  Foi  du  Vicaire 
Savoyard. 

V.  The  Encyclopedists  and  Materialists. 

1 .  The  Encyclopedic, — Diderot, — D' Alembert,  —  Con- 
dorcet. 

2.  Raynal, — Helvetius, — Holbach. 

VI.  The  Philosophic  Queens  and  Courts. 
Transfer  of  influence  from  the  Court  at  Versailles  to 
certain  courts  in  Paris  parlors, — Mesdames  de   Tencin, 
Geoffrin,    Du  Deffand,    L'Espinasse,  and  others, — conse- 
quences. 

VII.  The  Attack  on  Institutions. 

1.  On  the  Church  [up  to  1750. — Buckle]. 

2.  On  the  State  [after  1750. — Buckle"]. 

3.  The  Effect. 


THE  SUPPRESSION  OF  THE  JESUIT  ORDER. 

I.  The  Preparation. 

1.  Significance  of  this  history. 

2.  Recapitulation  of  the  history  of  the  order:  (a)  In 
France,  (b)  in  Germany,  (c)  in  Spain,  (d)  in  Portugal. 

3.  Difficulties  of  the  Papacy  with  the  Order. 

4.  Forces  opposed  to  the  Jesuits  in  the  eighteenth  cent- 
ury,     (a)  Strict  moralists  in  the  Church  (Pascal, — Mohler's 
apology  and  statement  regarding  Protestantism),      (b)  Op- 
position of  the  old  orders,     (c)  Opposition  of  sundry  mer- 
cantile interests,     (d)  Opposition  of  the  philosophers  of 
the  eighteenth  century.       (e)  Feeling  of  certain  vigorous 
statesmen,     (f)  Personal  alarms  of  sundry  monarchs  at 
Jesuit  casuistry. 

II.    The  Suppression  by  Civil  Governments. 

1.  Pombal's  struggle  in  Portugal, — mixture  of  motives, 
— punishment  of  the  Tavora  family,  the  Jesuit  Malagrida, 
and  others, — suppression  of  the  Order  in  Portugal  [1759]. 

2.  Choiseul's  struggle  in  France, — mixture  of  motives, 
— Madame    de    Pompadour's    grievance, — the    Lavalette 
case, — answer  to  the  plea  of  Louis  XV  for  the  Order, — 
its  suppression  in  France  [1764]. 

3.  Charles  III,  D'Aranda,  Campomanes,  and  the  strug- 
gle in  Spain, — insurrection  in  Madrid, — part  taken  by  the 
Jesuits   in    calming   the   people, — results    on  the    King's 
mind, — consequent  careful  preparations, — the  suppression 
in  Spain  [1767], — its  seventy. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

4.  Tanucci  and  the  suppression  in  Naples. 

5.  Similar  measures  in  Austria  under  Joseph  II, — also 
under   minor   princes,  especially  those  of  the  House  of 
Bourbon. 

III.  The  Suppression  by  the  Pope. 

1.  Attempts  to  induce  the  Pope  to  suppress  the  Order, 
— refusals  of  Clement  XIII, — efforts   after   his   death  to 
elect  a  Pope  pledged  to  suppression. 

2.  Election  of  Ganganelli,  as  Clement  XIV, — his  efforts 
to  avoid  the  suppression, — stubbornness  of  Ricci  ("  Sint 
ut  sunt,  aut  non  sint"), — accumulated  pressure,  especially 
from  Spain, — Florida  Blanca  and  his  mission. 

3.  Papal  suppression  by  the  brief  Dominus  ac  Redemp- 
tor  [1773], — imprisonment  and  death  of  Ricci, — legends 
as  to  the  misery  and  insanity  of  Clement  XIV  and  his  as- 
sassination by  the  Jesuits, — calumnies  heaped    upon   his 
memory, — Theiner's  opinion. 

IV.  Resurrection  of  the  Order. 

1.  Protection  afforded  to  the  Jesuits  by  Frederick  the 
Great, — his  reasons.     Protection  afforded  by  Catharine  II, 
— her  reasons.     Preservation  of  the  Order  mainly  in  Rus- 
sia. 

2.  Restoration  of  the  Order  by  Pius  VII  in  1814  by  the 
bull  Sollicitudo   Omnium, — expulsions  and  recalls  of  the 
Jesuits  by  various  nations  since, — their  eclipse  in  Germany 
and  Switzerland, — their  triumph  in  Rome  and  in  Belgium. 

3.  Their  relations  to  modern  Science  (Boscowitch  and 
Secci), — to  History  (Loriquet  and  Fredet), — to  Missions 
(De  Smet  and  others), — to  Education.     Virtues  and  vices 
of  the  Order, — similarity  of  certain  developments  in  Prot- 
estantism,— the  true  solvent  for  "Jesuitic"  efforts  of  every 
sort. 


LOUIS  XVI. 

I.  The  New  King  and  Queen. 

1.  The  King : — His  character  as  variously  sketched  and 
as  it  was, — his  portraits, — his  childhood, — his  Christian 
spirit, — his  writings, — his  studies  and  occupations,  —  his 
bravery. 

2.  The  Queen: — Her  character  as  variously  sketched 
and  as  it  was, — her  impulsiveness  and  its  results, — her 
education, — her  courage  and  energy. 

3.  First  Acts: — The  joyeux  avenement, — recall  of  the 
Parliament, — choice  of  a  prime  minister. 

4.  Maurepas  : — His  character, — his  policy. 

II.  Turgot  [1774-76]. 

His  birth  and  education, — early  writings, — his  breadth 
of  mind, — his  position  as  philosopher  and  statesman. 
His  work  at  Limoges.  Turgot  Controller-General  of  Fi- 
nances,— his  ministry.  Malesherbes.  Reaction. 

III.  Necker  [1776-81]. 

Action  again.  Character  of  Necker, — attempts  at 
financial  reform, — the  Compte  rendu, — failure, — dismissal. 

IV.  Calonne  [1783-87]. 

His  gorgeous  new  system  of  finance, — brilliancy  of  his 
financial  pyrotechny, — pyrotechnics  burnt  out, — the  As- 
sembly of  Notables. 

V.  Lomenie  de  Brienne  [1787-88]. 

His  character, — his  dealings  with  the  Notables, — his 
dealings  with  the  Parliament, — his  dismissal  (with  full 
pockets). 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

VI.  "  Encore  du  Neckerisme  tout  pur." 
Necker  recalled, — he  determines  to  summon  the  States- 
General. 
VII.  The  Stream  of  New  Thought  through  this  Age. 

1.  The  Main  Stream. 

2.  Tributaries  : — Three  tributaries  from  the  American 
Republic, — tributaries   from  Voltaire   at    Paris  and  from 
Rousseau's  grave, — from  Necker's  Compte  rendu, — from 
the    Clubs, — from  Figaro, — from    the    Necklace    affair, — 
from    Jansenism    and    Calvinism,  —  from    Science, —  from 
Quackery. 

VIII.  The  States-General  [1789]. 

1.  Preliminaries: — The  two  questions, — the  Notables 
again, — the    struggle, — the    decision, — Sieyes's    Qu'est-ce 
que  le  Tiers  Etat  ? — the  elections. 

2.  The  Meeting  [5  May  1789]  : — 1614  and  1789. 


TURGOT. 

1.  His  Birth  and  Education  [1727-1750]. — Position  of 
Turgot  in  the  history  of  France, — his  greatness,  even  in 
failure.     His  ancestry, — his  birth  [1727], — ancestral  and 
personal  characteristics.     His  destination  for  the  Church, 
— his  career  at  Saint  Sulpice, — his  essay  on  paper  money, 
in  answer  to  Terrasson  [1749].     His  career  at  the  Sor- 
bonne, — his  election  as  Prior, — his  two  discourses.     His 
decision  to  change  his  career, — attempts  of  Brienne,  Bois- 
gelin,  and  other  friends  to  dissuade  him, — his  answer. 

2.  His  Early  Manhood  \_IJ5 1—1761]  : — His  legal  ca- 
reer,— his  contributions  to  the  Encyclopedic, — his  Lettres 
sur  la    Tolerance    [175 3].      Financial   administration   in 
France  since  Colbert, — results  of  carelessness  regarding 
the  national  credit.     Beginnings  of  modern  political  econ- 
omy,— the    Economists,    or   Physiocrats, —  Quesnay   and 
Gournay, — their  influence   on   Turgot,  theoretically   and 
practically. 

3.  Ttirgot  Intendant  at  Limoges  [1761—1774]  : — Abo- 
lition of  the  corvee  for  public  works  and  military  trans- 
portation,— breaking  down  of  barriers   to  internal  com- 
merce,— mitigation  of  suffering, — other  improvements, — 
his  success.     His  refusal  of  promotion, — his  dispatches  to 
the  ministry  regarding  national  reforms.     Writings  of  this 
period, — his  treatise  Sur  la  Formation  et  la  Distribution 
des  Richesses, — its  relation  to  Adam  Smith's  "  Wealth  of 
Nations  ", — his  treatise  Sur  les  Prets  d' Argent, — his  let- 
ters Sur  la  Liberte  du  Commerce  des  Grains. 

4.  Turgot  Controller- General  of  the  Finances    \J7J4-— 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

.• — Accession  of  Louis  XVI, — Turgot  made  Minis- 
ter of  Naval  Affairs, — his  promotion  to  the  Ministry  of 
Finance, — his  proposals  to  the  King  regarding  financial 
policy, — their  accomplishment, — his  advice  to  the  King  in 
the  matter  of  the  coronation  oath.  His  memorandum  on 
the  organization  of  municipalities, — twofold  method  of 
education  proposed.  The  edict  for  free  trade  in  grain, — 
opposition, — insurrection, — weakness  of  the  King, — firm- 
ness of  Turgot.  The  edict  for  the  stippression  of  the  cor- 
vee,— bitter  opposition  of  the  Parliament  of  Paris, — forced 
registry.  The  edict  for  the  suppression  of  the  maitrises 
andjurandes, — old  system  of  arts  and  trades  in  France, — 
tyrannies,  jealousies,  and  abuses, — legal  difficulties  arising 
out  of  these, — renewed  opposition  of  the  Parliament, — 
forced  registry  again.  Turgot's  measures  regarding  the 
faille, — abolition  of  the  contrainte  solidaire, — prevention 
of  evasions  of  nobles  and  clergy, — his  conduct  towards  the 
farmers-general, — public  works. 

5.  Turgot's  Fall : — Hostility  of  the  Court  and  nobility, 
of  the  leaders  of  the  Third  Estate,  and  of  the  clergy, — 
causes  of  this, — secret  hostility  of  Maurepas, — court  in- 
trigues and  forged  letters, — Turgot's  dismissal  [1776], — 
his  retirement  and  death  [1781]. 

6.  Reflections  : — Of  Turgot's  administration  as  a  turn- 
ing-point in  French  history, — importance  of  study  upon 
this,  and  upon  similar  crises  in  the  history  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  of  the  United  States. 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  AMERICAN  IDEAS  UPON 
THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

FIRST  LECTURE. 

Purpose  of  this  lecture, — review  of  the  period  preceding 
the  French  Revolution, — want  of  practical  direction  to 
French  ideas  of  liberty  and  reform, — general  influence  of 
America  in  giving  this  practical  direction, — special  influ- 
ences. 

I.  The  Influence  of  Franklin. 

I.  On  the  nation  directly.  2.  Through  Turgot.  3. 
Through  Condorcet.  4.  Through  Champfort.  5.  Through 
Morellet.  6.  Through  others,  of  whom  Mirabeau  and 
Chenier  are  representatives. 

II.  The  Influence  of  Jefferson. 

1.  Reciprocal  influence  between  Jefferson  and  the  lead- 
ers of  French  thought. 

2.  Jefferson's  influence   through    Lafayette,  —  through 
Rabaut  St.-Etienne, — through  the  Girondists,  —  federal 
ideas  of  the  Girondists. 

3.  Relations  with  Robespierre  falsely  imputed  to  Jeffer- 
son,— the  dividing  line  between  American  influence  and 
want  of  influence  in  the  French  Revolution. 

III.  The  Influence  of  French  Officers  returned  from 
the  American  Revolution. 

1.  Lafayette  : — His  influence  in  bringing  on  the  French 
Revolution, — in  shaping  it, — his  draft  of  the  Declaration 
of  Rights. 

2.  Rochambeau:  —  His  character, — peculiarities  of  his 
growth  in  Americanism. 

3.  Segur : — Light  thrown  on  French  feeling  regarding 
America  by  his  memoirs, — his  own  impressions. 

4.  The  French  soldiery, — effect  of  familiarizing  them 
with  ideas  of  liberty  and  equality, — detection  by  Arthur 
Young  of  American  ideas  in  the  early  Revolutionary  fer- 
ment. 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  AMERICAN  IDEAS  UPON 
THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

SECOND  LECTURE. 

IV.  The  Influence  of  Frenchmen  returned  from 
American  Travel. 

1.  Chastellux : — Difference  in  spirit  between  that  and 
the  recent  race  of  travelers  in  America, — causes  of  Chas- 
tellux's  great  influence. 

2.  Brissot  "  de  Warville": — Claviere's  letter  of  sugges- 
tions,— Brissot's  book, — Brissot  the  first  open  Republican 
in  France. 

3.  Mazzei,  Crevecceur,  and  others. 

V.  Summary  of  the  American  Influences. 

1.  Familiarity  with  the  idea  of  Revolution. 

2.  Strength  given  to  French  ideas  of  Liberty : — New 
meanings  of  the  word  Liberty, — Chenier's  ode, — Fauchet's 
sermon, — Anacharsis  Clootz's  tribute. 

3.  Practical  shape  given  to  ideas  of  Equality  : — Vague- 
ness of  these  ideas  previously,  —  remarks  of  Sir  Henry 
Maine  on  this, — proofs  from  the  constitutions  of  1791,  '93, 
and  '95. 

4.  Practical  combination  of  Liberty  and  Equality  into 
institutions,  republican  and  democratic.      Brissot's  writ- 
ings,— Camille  Desmoulins'  La  France  libre, — indirect  tes- 
timony of  Portiez. 

5.  An  ideal  of  republican  manhood : — Chenier's  apos- 
trophe to  Washington  and  Franklin.     Sauvigny's  tragedy 
of  "  Vashington,  ou  la  Liberte  du  Nouveau  Monde" — ex- 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

tracts,  to  show  its  absurdities, — summary,  to  show  its  real 
significance. 

6.   American  influence   on   the  French  Revolution   a 
source  of  just  pride, — that  influence  coordinate  with  the 
greatness  of  that  Revolution, — it  ceases  when  the  Revolu- 
tion degenerates. 
VI.  Lesson  of  this  History  for  the  America  of  To-day. 

1.  How  this  American  influence  on  Europe  was  lost. 

2.  How  alone  it  may  be  regained. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

I.    TO  THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY. 

I   JANUARY-iy  JUNE    1789. 

I.   The  First  Step  out  of  National  Insignificance. 

The  Edict  of  the  ist  of  January,  //<?<?  / — Number  of 
deputies  in  each  of  the  three  orders, — effect  of  the  edict 
on  France, — its  significance. 

II.  The  Elections. 

1 .  The   Election   Machinery  :  —  Its    complexity,  —  its 
leading  features. 

2.  The  Cahiers  de  Doleances. 

3.  Jarring  in  the  Machinery  : — In  Brittany, — through- 
out France. 

III.  The  Deputies  in  General. 

1.  The  Clergy  : — The  hierarchy, — the  working  clergy. 

2.  The  Nobles. 

3.  The    Third  Estate:  —  Burke's    ravings,  —  Alison's 
twaddle, — preponderance  of  lawyers, — advantages  and  dis- 
advantages of  this, — distinction  to  be  made, — De  Tocque- 
ville's  remark.      Burke's  second  objection — want  of  suf- 
ficient admixture  of  a  prosperous  middle -class, — cause  of 
this  want       Burke's  third  objection — want  of  practical 
men,— cause  of  this  want.       Taine's  objections,  founded 
and  unfounded. 

IV.  The  Leaders. 

1.  Among  the  Clergy: — Maury, — Talleyrand. 

2.  Among  the  Nobility : — The  Duke  of  La  Rochefou- 
cauld,— Cazales, — the  Duke  of  Orleans, — Lafayette. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

3.  Among  the  Third  Estate: — Mirabeau, — Sieyes, — 
Robespierre. 

V.  The  Cahiers  de  Doleances. 
i.  Demands  of  the  Clergy.      2.  Demands  of  the  No- 
bility.    3.  Demands  of  the  Third  Estate. 

VI.  Opening  of  the  States-General. 

1.  Religious  Ceremonies  \j.  May  17 £9]  •' — The  proces- 
sion,— sermon  of  the  Bishop  of  Nancy. 

2.  The  First  Session  [5  May]  : — The  Salle  des  Menus, 
— de  Breze  and  etiquette, — speech  of  the  King, — of  Ba- 
rentin, — of  Necker. 

3.  The  Second  Session   [6  May]  : — The  Third  Estate 
meets  alone,  but  in  the  great  hall, — importance  of  the 
latter  fact. 

4.  The  Unsettled  Question  : — Shall  the  States- General 
be  a  consolidated  assembly  or  an  assembly  of  three  dis- 
tinct orders  ? — greatness  of  the  question,  —  calmness  and 
statesmanship  of  the  Third  Estate, — their  courage  and  de- 
termination,— conferences, — the  appeal  to  the  Clergy  [27 
May], — Sieyes's  great  motion, — the  deputies  of  the  Third 
Estate  become  the  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY  [17  June  1789]. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

H.    FROM  THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY 
TO  THE  STORMING  OF  THE  BASTILLE. 

17  JUNE-I4  JULY  1789. 

I.  Attempts  of  the  Court  to  Outwit  the  Assembly. 

1.  Anger  of  the  Court  Party  at  the  declaration  of  the 
1 7th  of  June, — the  Clergy  vote  to  unite  with  the  Com- 
mons,— obstinacy  of  the  Noblesse, — Necker's  attempt  at 
compromise, — project  of  a  Royal  Sitting. 

2.  Exclusion  of  the  Assembly  from  their  hall, — oath  of 
the  Jeu  de  Paume,  or  Tennis-court  Oath  [20  June  1789]. 

3.  New  Annoyances, — the  session  in  the  Church  of  St. 
Louis, — the  majority  of  the  Clergy  join  the  National  As- 
sembly. 

II.  Attempts  to  Overawe  the  Assembly. 

1.  The  Royal  Sitting  [23  June]  : — Etiquette  and  indig- 
nities,— the  King's  speech, — annulment  of  the  Assembly's 
decrees, — the  Assembly  commanded  to  disperse, — depart- 
ure of  the  King,  with  the  Clergy  and  Nobles. 

2.  Who  is  Supreme? — Mirabeau  and  Breze, — the  As- 
sembly openly  disobeys  the  King, — the  declaration  of  in- 
violability,— the  Assembly  goes  on  with  its  work. 

3.  Victory  of  the  Third  Estate : — Return  of  the  Clergy, 
— secession  of  a  part  of  the  Nobility, — final  fusion  of  the 
three  orders  [27  June]. 

III.  Attempts  to  Coerce  the  Assembly. 

i  Concentration  of  troops,  —  ominous  bearing  of  the 
Nobles, — feeling  of  the  French  people, — petition  of  the 
Assembly. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

2.  Dismissal  of  Necker  [n  July], — the  new  ministry, 
— Breteuil  and  Broglie, — the  plot  develops, — preparations 
for  action. 

IV.  Beginning  of  Open  Revolution  at  Paris. 

1.  The  Palais  Royal, — why  it  became  a  centre  of  in- 
surrection. 

2.  Camille  Desmoulins  and  the  uprising  of  Paris  [12 
July], — the  committee  of  electors, — organization  of  the 
National  Guard. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

m.    FROM  THE  STORMING  OF  THE  BASTILLE  TO  THE 
ABOLITION  OF  FEUDAL  PRIVILEGE. 

14  JULY-4  AUGUST   1789. 

I.  The  Bastille  Conquest. 

1.  The  Bastille: — Its   history, — its   construction, — its 
government, — its  relations  to  French  society. 

2.  The  Fourteenth  of  July : — Arming  of  the  people, — 
resolution  of  all  popular  cries  into   the  cry  against   the 
Bastille. 

3.  Cause  of  this  popular  hatred  against  a  prison  for 
nobles, — Louis  Blanc's  explanation, — the  true  explanation, 
— the  Bastille  an  outward  and  visible  sign  of  inward  polit- 
ical evil. 

4.  The  Attack  : — The  Faubourg  Saint- Antoine, — par- 
leying and  fighting, — the  weapons,  and  the  spirit  in  which 
the  people  used  them. 

5.  The  Surrender, — the  "Bastille   unveiled," — release 
of  the  prisoners. 

II.  The  First  Ferocities. 

1.  Violation  of  the  capitulation, — murder  of  Delaunay 
and  a  part  of  the  garrison. 

2.  Murder  of  Flesselles. 

III.    Philosophy  of  French  Revolutionary  Ferocity. 

1.  Possibility  of  a  national  training  to  cruelty  or  human- 
ity,— examples. 

2.  First  Agency  in  the  Education  of  the  French  Nation 
to  Cruelty : — Certain  ideas  fostered  in  the  Church. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

3.  Second  Agency : — Certain   institutions  cherished   in 
the  State. 

4.  Third  Agency  : — Long-continued  oppression  and  ig- 
norance. 

5.  How  this  ferocity  might  have  been  checked, — lesson 
for  our  own  country. 

IV.  Effects  of  the  Bastille  Conquest. 

1.  On  the  Assembly  and  the  King : — Concessions  of  the 
latter, — Bailly,  Lafayette,  and  the  new  municipality, — the 
King's  visit  to  Paris. 

2.  On  the  People: — In  the  provinces, — destruction  of 
castles  and  title-deeds.      At  Paris, — murder  of  Foulon 
and  Berthier. 

3.  On  the  Nobles : — The  "  Emigration  ", — the  sacrifices 
of  the  night  of  the  Fourth  of  August. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

IT.  FROM  THE  ABOLITION  OF  FEUDAL  PRIVILEGE  TO  THE 
REMOYAL  OF  THE  KING  TO  PARIS. 

4  AUGUST-6  OCTOBER  1789. 

I.  Real  Nature  of  the  Concessions  of  the  Fourth  of 
August. 

1.  As  shown  by  the  general  history  of  privileged  classes. 

2.  As  shown  by  sundry  special  histories. 

3.  As  shown  by  Louis  XVTs  letter  to  the  Archbishop 
of  Aries. 

4.  As  shown  by  the  debates  on  making  these  conces- 
sions laws. 

II.  The  Declaration  of  Rights. 

1.  Main  things  said  for  and  against  such  declarations. 

2.  How  the  French  Declaration  differed  from  the  Eng- 
lish Bill  of  Rights. 

3.  Variety  and  ability  of  the  projects  presented  to  the 
Assembly. 

4.  Vicious  methods  of  debating. 

5.  The  Declaration  of  Rights  as  adopted. 

III.  First  "Work  on  the  Constitution. 

1.  The  two  great  parties, — sources  of  their  ideas. 

2.  The  question  of  the  duration  of  the  national  legisla- 
ture. 

3.  The  question  of  a  single  or  double  assembly. 

4.  The  question  of  the  royal  sanction — the  veto. 

IV.  Four  New  Portents. 

i.  Anarchy : — Exhibitions  of  this  in  the  capital  and  in 
the  provinces. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

2.  Famine: — Suffering,  —  selfishness,  —  mob    supersti- 
tions,— ferocity. 

3.  Threatened  Bankruptcy: — Failure   of    government 
resources  and  credit, — stolidity  of  the  Assembly, — Mira- 
beau  rescues  Necker. 

4.  Wild   Journalism: — Camille    Desmoulins   and    the 
Revolutions   de  France  et  de  Brabant, —  Peltier   and    the 
Actes  des  Apotres, — Loustalot  and  the  Revolutions  de  Paris, 
— Marat  and  the  Ami  du  Peuple, — IJebert  and  the  Pere 
Duchene. 

V.  A  New  Plot  and  its  Results. 

1.  Court  life  in  this  emergency, — new  plot  by  Court 
and  Nobles, — attitude  of  the  King, — more  troops. 

2.  Banquet  of  the  body  guard  at  Versailles  [2  Oct.], — 
the  orgies. 

3.  Insurrection  of  the  Fifth  and  Sixth  of  October : — 
The  "Insurrection  of  Women", — march  of  the  mob  on 
Versailles, — the  King  brought  to  Paris. 

4.  The  plot  foiled, — secret  of  it, — its  moral. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

T.  FROM  THE  REMOVAL  OF  THE  KING  TO  PARIS  TO  THE 
FEDERATION  FESTIVAL. 

6  OCTOBER   1789-14  JULY   1790. 

I.  Background  of  the  Assembly  Picture. 
The  popular  ferment, — Marat, — the  fa  Ira, —  Camille 
Desmoulins  as  "Procitreur-  General  de  la  Lanterne."  Suf- 
ferings of  the  people, — tendencies  shown  in  the  Franfois 
murder.  The  Assembly's  provision  for  martial  law, — the 
Municipality's  "  search  committee," — importance  of  this. 

II.  The  New  Monarchy. 

1.  Change   in    the   monarchical   theory, —  the    King   a 
Chief  Magistrate. 

2.  Consequences  flowing  from  this  as  to  legislation, — as 
to  taxation, — as  to  decision  regarding  war  and  peace. 

III.  The  New  Administrative  System. 

1.  The  old  Provinces, — evils  inseparable  from  their  ori- 
gin. 

2.  The  new  Departments, — Districts, — Communes. 

3.  Abolition  of  interior  frontiers, — avoidance  of  a  fede- 
rative system. 

IV.  The  New  Electoral  System. 

1.  Electoral  divisions, — the  Canton. 

2.  Attempt  to  co-ordinate  right  and  security, — active 
and  passive  citizens. 

3.  Final  abolition  of  voting  by  orders. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

4.  Abolition   of  religious   disabilities,    Protestant    and 
Jewish. 

5.  Compromise  theory  of  representation  adopted. 

V.  The  New  System  of  Criminal  Procedure. 

1.  Abolition  of  lettres  de  cachet, — of  secrecy, — of  tor- 
ture,— of  attainder  and  confiscation, — of  privileged  classes 
of  criminals,^-of  carelessness  in  capital  cases. 

2.  Robespierre  attempts  to  abolish  capital  punishment, 
— Guillotin  and  the  guillotine. 

3.  Establishment  of  approved  safeguards    in    criminal 
cases, — the  jury. 

VI.  The  New  Organization  of  the  Judiciary. 

1.  Abolition  of  the  old  Parliaments  and  of  the  "venal 
system," — indemnities  to  former  judges. 

2.  Establishment  of  an  elective  judiciary, — its  advan- 
tages,— its  one  vast  disadvantage. 

VII.  The  State  Church  System. 

1.  Appropriation  of  the  property  of  the  Church. 

2.  Suppression  of  monastic  orders, — Garat's  argument, 
— indemnities  to  monks  and  others, — lesson  from  this. 

3.  Civil  constitution  of  the  clergy. 

VIII.  The  New  Financial  System. 
The  Assignats, — their   use,  in   theory  and  in  practice. 
The  report  of  Camus,  and  publication  of  the  Livre  rouge. 

IX.  The  Federation  Festival. 

First  anniversary  of  the  fall  of  the  Bastille, — prepara- 
tion of  the  Champ  de  Mars, — Paris  at  work, — the  federa- 
tion ceremonies  [14  July  1790], — their  significance. 


. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

VI.    FBOM  THE  FEDERATION  FESTIVAL  TO  THE  CLOSE  OF 
THE  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY. 

14  JULY  1790-30  SEPTEMBER  1791. 

I.  The  Clubs. 

1.  The  Jacobins  : — Origin  of  the  club, — its  name, — its 
membership, — its  organization, — its  growth, — its  objects. 

2.  The  Cordeliers  : — Reason  of  their  secession  from  the 
Jacobins. 

3.  The  Feuillants  : — Lafayette, — why  the  club  failed. 

II.  The  Main  Series  of  Internal  Difficulties  and  Dan- 

gers. 

1.  Clash  between  liberty  and  discipline  in  the  army, — 
Bouille  at  Nancy  [Aug.  1790]. 

2.  The   new  financial  difficulties, — flight   of   Necker 
[Sept.  1790]. 

3.  The  Clergy  refractory. 

4.  The  Nobility  refractory. 

5.  Death  of  Mirabeau  [2  April  1791]. 

6.  Flight  of  the  King  [20  June  1791], — his  arrest  at 
Varennes, — consequences. 

7.  Affray  of  the  Field  of  Mars. 

III.  The  Main  Series   of   External   Difficulties   and 

Dangers. 

1.  The  Emigration, — character  and  plots  of  the  emigre*. 

2.  Coalition   of  foreign  powers, — the    Conference  of 
Mantua, — the  Declaration  of  Pilnitz  [27  Aug.  1791]. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

3.   Conduct  of  England, — light   thrown  upon    this  by 
her  more  recent  conduct  towards  our  own  country. 

IV.  Summary  of  the  Work  done  by  the  National 
Assembly. 

1.  In  Asserting  and  Daring.. 

2.  In  Destroying. 

3.  In  Building, — constitutions  which  have  grown  and 
constitutions  which  have  been  built. 

4.  The  self-denying  ordinance. 

5.  Close  of  the    National    Constituent   Assembly    [30 
Sept.  1791]. 


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THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

VII.    FROM  THE  OPENING  OF  THE  NATIONAL  LEGISLATIVE 

ASSEMBLY  TO  THE  BREAKING  OUT  OF  THE 

WAR  WITH  EUROPE. 

I  OCTOBER  1791-20  APRIL  1792. 

I.  The  Legislative  Assembly. 

1.  Its  relation  to  other  assemblies  during  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

2.  Its  general  character,  —  results  of  Robespierre's  self- 
denying  ordinance,  —  lassitude  of  the  people,  —  unwieldi- 
ness  of  the  Assembly. 

II.  Parties  in  the  Assembly. 

1.  The  Right,  or  Conservative  party  (Feuillants),  —  Ra- 
mond,  Vaublanc,  Dumas. 

2.  The  Centre,  or  Moderate  party. 

3.  The  Left,  or  Radical  party,  —  the  Girondist,  —  Brissot, 
Vergniaud,  Condorcet. 

4.  The  germ   of  an  Ultra  Revolutionary  party  ("the 
Mountain"),  —  Chabot,  Bazire,  Meriin,  Carnot 

III.  The  Opening  Sessions. 

1.  Ceremonies,  —  the  oaths,  —  the    "theatrical"  element 
in  the  French  Revolution. 

2.  The  new  court  masterpiece,  —  reprisals. 

3.  Reconciliation  between    King  and  Assembly,  —  im- 
possibility of  its  permanence. 

IV.  Further  Development  of  Opposition  to  Liberty. 

1.  The  King's  brother  and  the  other  Emigrants. 

2.  The  refractory  priests. 


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OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

V.  Efforts  against  this  Opposition  Foiled  by  King  and 
Court. 

1.  Law  against  the  King's  brother,  —  his  defiant  parody. 

2.  Law  against  the  Emigrants,  —  the  King  vetoes  it. 

3.  Law  against  the  refractory  priests,  —  the  King  vetoes  it 

4.  The  King's  prejudice  against  the  constitutional  clergy. 

5.  Court  manoeuvres,  —  the  cage  caricature,  —  Lafayette 
and  Petion  in  the  mayoralty  contest,  —  defeat  of  the  former 
by  the  Court. 

VI.  Confusion. 

1.  The  massacres  of  Avignon. 

2.  The  massacres  of  St.  Domingo. 


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THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

YIH.  FROM  THE  BREAKING  OUT  OF  THE  WAR  WITH  EUROPE 
TO  THE  INSURRECTION  OF  THE  TENTH  OF  AUGUST. 

20  APRIL-IO  AUGUST  1792. 

I.  War  with  Europe  Drawing  On. 

1.  Warlike  attitude  of  the  Continent 

2.  The  Gironde  forces  the  King  into  an  attitude  of  war, 
— the  Girondists  taken  into  the   ministry, —  Roland   and 
Dumouriez. 

3.  Opposition  of  Robespierre  to  the  war, — motives  as- 
signed him  by  Quinet,  Von  Sybel,  and  others, — the  prob- 
able truth. 

4.  Ultimatum    of  France    to  Austria,  —  ultimatum    of 
Austria  to  France, — comparative  responsibility  of  France 
and  Austria  for  the  great  war  now  begun. 

II.  War  Declared. 

1.  The  declaration  of  war  [20  April   1792], — disposi- 
tion of  the  French  forces. 

2.  Disaster  of  the  French  in  Belgium, — naturalness  of 
panics  at  such  times. 

3.  Firmness  of  the  Assembly, — decree  for  permanent 
session, — against  the  refractory  priests, — for  a  camp  of 
twenty  thousand  men  near  Paris. 

III.  The  King  still  Opposes  the  Nation. 
I.  Bertrand    de    Moleville's    Claque   scheme,  —  Cham- 
bonne's  corruption  scheme, — Mallet  du  Pan's  secret  mis- 
sion. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

2.  Roland's  letter, — dismissal  of  the  Girondist  ministers. 

3.  Veto  of  the  decree  for  the  camp, — indignation  of 
Paris. 

4.  Insurrection  of  the  Faubourgs  [20  June  1792], — in- 
vasion   of  the   Tuileries, — courage    and  firmness  of  the 
King, — violation  of  the  legislative  body, — importance  of 
this. 

5.  Temporary  and  ineffectual  reaction. 

6.  Bourrienne's  reminiscence  of  this  Twentieth  of  June, 
— significance    of  Napoleon's    remark,   in    view   of  later 
French  history. 

IV.  The  First  European  Coalition  against  the  Revo- 
lution. 

1.  Attitude  of  England, — Priestley  and  Price. 

2.  Manifesto  of  the  King  of  Prussia, — what  it  revealed. 

3.  Popular  excitement  in  France, — Lafayette's  attempt 
to  restrain  it. 

4.  The  declaration  La  patrie  est  en  danger, — volunteers. 

5.  Effect  of  the  coalition  in  undermining  French  roy- 
alty. 

V.  War  of  the  Coalition. 

1.  The  Duke  of  Brunswick, — his  plan, — his  manifesto 
[25  July  1792]. 

2.  Effect  of  the  manifesto, — attacks    upon    royalty, — 
Brissot  and  Petion, — feeling  in  the  provinces. 

3.  More  assignats, — the    insurrectionary   committee, — 
assassination. 

4.  Results  of  the  old  Court  hatred  for  Lafayette. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

IX.    FROM  THE   INSURRECTION  OF   THE   TENTH   OF   AU- 
GUST TO  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  NATIONAL  LEG- 
ISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 

10  AUGUST-2I    SEPTEMBER    1792. 

I.  Insurrection  of  the  Tenth  of  August. 

1.  Its  beginnings, — preparations  for  the  defense  of  the 
Tuileries, — assault  of  the  mob, — the  King  takes  refuge  in 
the  Assembly, — massacre  of  the  Swiss  guards. 

2.  Incidents, — mingled  drollery,  ferocity,  and  magnan- 
imity. 

3.  Invasion  of  the  Assembly  by  the  mob, — deposition 
and  confinement  of  the  King, — abolition  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  1791, — formation  of  an  executive  council, — calling 
of  a  National  Convention. 

4.  Santerre  appointed  Lafayette's  successor  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  National  Guard, — the  King  insulted  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Temple. 

II.  Results  of  the  Tenth  of  August. 

1.  Increased  power  of  the  Commune  and  Sections  of 
Paris. 

2.  Wild    legislation, —  regarding   marriage,  —  regarding 
the  unpatriotic  press, — regarding  property  and    personal 
liberty. 

3.  Anarchy,  —  lenity   toward    crime,  —  dealings    with 
the  murderers  of  Avignon  and  Etampes,  with  the  shop 
plunderers,  and  with  the  revolted  soldiers  of  Nanci, — Pe- 
tion's  reply  to  the  Feuillants. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

4.  Sales  of  the  property  of  emigrants, — beginning  of 
the  great  class  of  small  proprietors. 

5.  Creation  of  a  special  criminal  tribunal, — its  lessons. 

6.  Differing  opinions  of  historians  as  to  the  causes  of 
this  degeneration  of  the  Revolution, — the  main  cause. 

III.  New  Difficulties  and  Dangers. 

1.  Lafayette's  despair, — his  flight  from  France. 

2.  Insurrection  in  La  Vendee. 

3.  Longwy  taken  by  the  Austrians, — Verdun  by  the 
Prussians, — the  advance  toward  Paris, — condition  of  the 
French  army. 

IV.  Desperate  Measures. 

1.  Executions, — the  decree  against  Longwy. 

2.  Danton, — domiciliary  visits, — filling  of  the    extem- 
porized prisons.     Trepidation, — the  two  questions, — Dan- 
ton's  doctrine  of  terrorism. 

3.  The  September  massacres  [2-6  Sept.  1792].     Ques- 
tion as  to  their  real  authors, — the  proof.     Provincial  imi- 
tation of  these  atrocities. 

4.  Social  life  of  the  Terrorists  and  of  Paris  at  this  pe- 
riod. 

V.  Victory. 

1.  The  battle  of  Valmy  [20  Sept  1792], — retreat  of 
the  invaders. 

2.  Dissolution  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  [21  Sept.], 
— its  work.     Opening  of  the  National  Convention. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

X.    FROM  THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  NATIONAL  CONTENTION 
TO  THE  EXECUTION  OF  THE  GIRONDISTS. 

21    SEPTEMBER    1792-31  OCTOBER  1793. 
FIRST   LECTURE. 

I.  The  Convention. 

1.  The  elections, — influence  upon  them  of  terrorism  in 
the  cities. 

2.  Character  of   the    Convention.       Parties:  —  I.    The 
Mountain,  ^Robespierre,     Danton,    Desmoulins,    Marat; 
2.  The  Gironde  ;  3.  The  Duke  of  Orleans  and  his  clique; 
4.  The  Plain,  or  Marats, — Sieyes,  Cambaceres,  Barere. 

3.  Effect  of  the  Argonne  campaign  and  the  battle  of 
Valmy, — retreat  of  the  Prussians  and  Austrians, — French 
victories, — the  Marseillaise, — Jemappes. 

II.  Its  First  Measures. 

1.  Proclamation   of   the   Republic, — beginning   of  the 
new  Republican  Era  [22  Sept.  1792]. 

2.  Beginning  of  the  Struggle  between  the  Mountain  and 
the  Gironde.     Rival   bids    for   popularity, — three   typical 
examples.       Charges  and  counter-charges, — "  Septembri- 
teurs"    and    " Fe'de'ralistes" , — Louvet  and  Robespierre, — 
failure  of  the  Girondist  attack  on  Marat, — Girondist  decree 
against   the    "  Septembriseurs" , — it   is   thwarted    by   the 
Mountain, — steady  tendency  of  this  wrangle. 

3.  Trial  and  Execution  of  the  King  [n   Dec.  1792— 
21  Jan.  1793]  : — Jacobin    pressure,  —  Girondist   acquies- 
cence,— noble  resistance  of  Lanjuinais.     Gamain,  the  iron 
chest,  and  Mirabeau.       Demand  of  Robespierre  and  the 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

Jacobins.  The  King  brought  to  trial  [i  I  Dec.], — his 
counsel  —  (Malesherbes,  Tronchet,  Deseze),  —  charges 
against  him, — his  plan  of  defense, —  "Louis  Capet", — 
the  three  questions.  Louis  condemned  to  death, — his  exe- 
cution [21  Jan.], — his  testament 

III.  The  Crisis. 

1.  Effects  of  the  King's  Execution  on  Europe  and  on 
France  : — (a)  Transfer  of  monarchical  authority  from  the 
interior  to  the  exterior  of  France,     (b)    Discouragement 
of  moderate  men.     (c)  The  European  coalition  strength- 
ened and  stimulated  to  action,     (d)  Alarm  and  indiffer- 
ence of  the  people,  as  shown  at  the  municipal  elections. 
(e)  Increase  of  crusading  fanaticism  in  La  Vendee. 

2.  Assassination  of  Lepelletier, — its  results. 

3.  Treason  of  Dumouriez  [April  1793],  and  its  effect 
upon  Girondist  fortunes, — first  appearance  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe. 

4.  The  Vendean    insurrection, — revolt   of  Lyons,— of 
Corsica, — of  St.  Domingo, — seizure  of  these  islands   by 
the  English. 

5.  Last  struggle  of  the  Girondists, — their  own  weapons 
used  against  them, — the  Convention  besieged  by  the  mob, 
— proscription  of  the  thirty- two  [2  June  1793]. 

6.  Attack,  open  and  secret,  by  England, — forgery  of 
assignats. 

7.  Assassination  of  Marat   by  Charlotte    Corday    [13 
July  1793], — his  deification. 

8.  Betrayal  of  Toulon  to  the  English, — loss  of  fortresses 
and  colonies, — scarcity  and  impending  famine. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

X.    FROM  THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  NATIONAL  CONTENTION 
TO  THE  EXECUTION  OF  THE  GIRONDISTS. 

21  SEPTEMBER  1792-3!  OCTOBER  1793. 
SECOND  LECTURE. 

IV.  Jacobinism  Supreme. 

1.  Its  results  abroad. 

2.  Its  results  at  home. 

V.  Revolutionary  Vigor. 

1.  Declaration  of  war  against  England  and  Holland, — 
new  levy  of  troops. 

2.  Creation  of  the  Revolutionary  Tribunal, — its  char- 
acter and  purpose. 

3.  Creation  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Salvation  (Sa- 
lut  Public), — its  powers, — Robespierre,  Couthon,  and  St. 
Just, —  Cambon, — Carnot,  —  the    Committee   of    General 
Security  (Surete  Generate). 

4.  Harsh  legislation, — against  the  Emigrants, — against 
monopolies, — against  royalists.     Ex  post  facto  laws, — req- 
uisitions,— forced  loans.     The  maximum. 

5.  The  levee  en  masse, — summary  treatment  of  unsuc- 
cessful generals, — results. 

6.  The  ambulatory  revolutionary  army  and  the  lot  des 
suspects, — certificates  of  civism. 

7.  Punishment  of  Lyons, — the  decree, — its  execution 
by  Collot  d'Herbois  and  Fouche.     Recent  parallels. 

8.  The  Constitution  of  1793, — Condorcet  and  Herault- 
Sechelles.     Its  main  features, — the  declaration  of  rights, 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

—  the  executive, — the  legislative, — want  of  checks  upon 
popular  tyranny.     Its  immediate  suspension. 

9.  Abolition  of  titles, — "Monsieur"  becomes  "Citizen." 

10.  The  new  calendar, — months  and  sans-culottides, — 
the  new  names  ( Vendemiaire,  Brumaire,  Frimaire, — Ni- 
vose,  Pluviose,    Ventose, —  Germinal,  Floreal,  Prairial, — 
Messidor,  Thermidor,  Fructidor)  and  Carlyle's  translation 
of  them, — decimal  division  of  month,  day,  and  hour, — new 
names  for  holidays.     Duration  of  the  republican  calendar. 

11.  Trial  and  execution  of  Marie  Antoinette  [16  Oct.], 
— indignities  put  upon  her, — her  noble  bearing. 

12.  Trial  and  execution  of  the  imprisoned  Girondists 
[31  Oct.], — the  main  charge  against  them, — the  gag  law. 
Fate  of  the  remaining  Girondists, — of  Roland, — of  Guadet 
and  Barbaroux, —  of   Petion  and   Buzot, —  of   Condorcet. 
Escape  of  Lanjuinais  and  Louvet.    Character  of  the  Giron- 
dists,— causes  of  their  downfall, — theory  of  Michelet,— of 
Louis  Blanc, — of  Thiers, —  of  Carlyle,  —  of  Quinet,  —  of 
Lanfrey, — discussion  of  these. 


THE. FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

XI.     FROM  THE  EXECUTION  OF  THE  GIRONDISTS  TO  THE 
DOWNFALL  OF  ROBESPIERRE. 

31  OCTOBER  1793-27  JULY   1794. 
FIRST  LECTURE. 

I.  The  Reign  of  Terror  at  Paris. 

1.  Exultation  of  the  Mountain  over  its  triumph, — med- 
als and  executions. 

2.  Death  of  Madame  Roland, — of  Lavoisier,^-of  Bailly, 
— of  the  Duke  of  Orleans, — of  Malesherbes, — of  Andre 

Chenier. 

3.  The  Revolutionary  Tribunal  and  its  methods.     Ex- 
amples of  denunciations,  accusations,  and  justifications, — 
lists  of  the  condemned, — devices  of  citizens  for  self-pro- 
tection.    Character  of  the  public  accuser  (Fouquier-Tin- 
ville), — of  the  judges  and  jurors.     Haste  and  utter  reck- 
lessness of  the  procedure, — curious  instances  of  this, — di- 
vision of  the  tribunal, — steady  increase   in   cruelty   and 
carelessness, — case  of  Froidure. 

4.  Life  in  the  prisons, — varying  degrees  of  severity,— 
the  Conciergerie. 

5.  Every-day  life  in  Paris  during  the  Reign  of  Terror, 
— recklessness  and  extravagance, — fashion, — gayety. 

II.  The  Reign  of  Terror  in  the  Country. 
Barras  at  Toulon  and  Marseilles, — Lebon  at  Arras, — 
Maignet  at  Orange, — Collot  d'Herbois  at  Lyons, — Car- 
rier at  Nantes.     Fusillades  and  Noyades.     Popular  fury 
at  St.  Denis. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

III.  Military  Energy. 

1.  Rising  of  the  Republic  against  foreign  and  domestic 
foes. 

2.  Recapture  of  Toulon, — Bonaparte. 

3.  Victory  at  Savenay  over  the  Vendeans. 

4.  Victories  at  Wattignies  and  elsewhere  over  the  allies, 
— Pichegru,  Hoche,  Jourdan,  Jourdan. 

IV.  Administrative  Energy. 

1.  Need    of  extraordinary   sources    of  revenue, — in- 
creased issue  of  paper-money, — history  of   this    revolu- 
tionary inflation  of  the  currency, — its  results. 

2.  Measures  to  keep  down  prices, — the  maximum, — 
its  results. 

3.  Excellent  basis  of  the  paper  currency  of  France, — 
its  steady  .decline  in  spite  of  this, — measures  to  uphold  it, 
— their  futility. 

4.  Increasing  scarcity,  —  tickets  of  subsistence,  —  the 
queues. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

XI.     FROM  THE  EXECUTION  OF  THE  GIRONDISTS  TO  THE 
DOWNFALL  OF  ROBESPIERKE. 

31  OCTOBER  1793-27  JULY   1794. 
SECOND    LECTURE. 

V.  Extreme  Point  Touched  by  the  Revolution. 

1.  Evolution  of  new  parties  after  the  fall  of  the  Giron- 
dists (a.  The  Robespierrists ;  b.  The  Dantonists,  or  Mod- 
eratists ;  c.  The  Hebertists,  or  Anarchists), — character  of 
the    leading    men    in    each, — aims  of  each.     Feeling  of 
Robespierre  toward  the  Dantonists  and  Hebertists, — the 
attack  on  religion  by  the  Hebertists, — the  renunciation  of 
the  Archbishop  of  Paris, — deification  of  Reason. 

2.  Feeling   of  the    Dantonists    and  Hebertists  toward 
each  other, — attack  of  Camille  Desmoulins  in  the  Vieux 
Cordelier-,  —  counter-attacks   of    Hebert.       Robespierre's 
waiting  policy, — the  onslaught  upon  the  Hebertists, — their 
destruction, — the  onslaught  upon  the  Dantonists, — their 
destruction. 

VI.  Beginning  of  Robespierre's  Final  Triumph. 

I.  The  Convention  decrees  the  existence  of  the  Su- 
preme Being  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul  [7  May 
:795]. — continuation  of  judicial  murders, — festival  of  the 
Supreme  Being, — beginnings  of  an  opposition  party, — Ja- 
cobin dread  of  Robespierre  as  a  possible  tyrant, — signifi- 
cant concluding  words  of  Robespierre's  speech  at  the  fes- 
tival. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY, 

2.  The  law  of  the  22d  Prairial  (10  June), — sweeping 
away  of  all  safeguards, — futile  attempts  against  it, — its 
passage. 

VII.    Culmination  of  Robespierre's   Final  Triumph. 

1.  The  numbers  in  the  prisons, — size  and  success  of  the 
French  armies, — the  new  Republican  generals,  Moreau, 
Pichegru,  Jourdan,  and  others. 

2.  Mutual  suspicion  between  Robespierre  and  many  of 
his  former  adherents, — diminished  number  of  the  Conven- 
tion,— precautions  taken  by  many  members  against  seiz- 
ure,— mining  and  counterming, — efforts  of  Robespierre's 
enemies, — use  against  him  of  his  part  in  the  "Supreme 
Being"  ceremonies, — Catherine  Therot.      Similar  feelings 
and  efforts  by  Robespierre, — his  avoidance  of  the  Con- 
vention,— his  working  upon  the  Jacobins. 

3.  Development  of  the  party  opposed  to  Robespierre, — 
main  characteristics  of  the  leaders,  Billaud-Varennes,  Tal- 
lien,  Barere.     Robespierre's  efforts  to  undermine  them, — 
quotations  from  reports  of  his  personal  spies  in  the  Papiers 
Inedits. 

4.  Rapidity  of  the  guillotine  at  this  crisis, — reasons  of 
each  party  for  letting  the  Terror  go  on. 

VIII.  The  Ninth  Thermidor. 

Beginning  of  the  struggle  on  the  8th  Thermidor, — 
Robespierre's  speech, — debate  as  to  whether  it  should  be 
printed  and  circulated.  The  final  struggle  of  the  pth  Ther- 
midor (27  July  1794), — stealthy  efforts  of  Robespierre's 
enemies,  —  the  battle  in  the  Convention,  —  Robespierre's 
defeat.  Desperate  efforts  of  his  friends  outside  the  Con- 
vention to  save  him, — their  temporary  success, — their  final 
failure, — last  hours  of  Robespierre  and  his  associates, — 
their  execution. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

XH.    FROM  THE  DOWNFALL  OF  ROBESPIERRE  TO  THE  DI- 
RECTORY. 

27  JULY    1794-27  OCTOBER  1795. 
FIRST  LECTURE. 

Resume  of  the  direct  causes  of  the  fall  of  the  triumvi- 
rate,— mixture  of  motives. 

I.  The  Political  Reaction. 

The  two  new  parties.  I.  The  Thermidorians, — their 
main  supporters  and  strongholds.  2.  The  Mountain  par- 
ty,— their  losses  in  position  and  men, — lament  of  Billaud- 
Varennes  in  exile, — gradual  supplanting  of  Terrorist  mem- 
bers of  the  Committees, — decay  of  their  influence, — at- 
tacks upon  them. 

II.  The  Social  Reaction. 

1.  Ideas  of  social  regeneration  in  the  early  stages  of 
the  Revolution, — Spartan  and  Roman  ideals. 

2.  Reaction    against   these,  —  luxury,  —  effeminacy, — 
stock- jobbing. 

3.  Embodiment  of  this  reaction  in  the   Jeunesse  doree 
and  in  the  Muscadins, — part  taken  in  politics  by  these. 

III.  The  Political  Reaction  becomes  a  Torrent. 

1.  Weakening  and  final  abrogation  of  the  Revolution- 
ary Tribunal, — of  the   Committees, — of  the  Jacobin  Club, 
— of  the  Commune, — of  the  Sections. 

2.  Recall  of  the  Girondists, — restoration  of  confiscated 
property. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

3.  Condemnation  of  Carrier, — transportation  of  Billaud- 
Varennes,  Collot  d'Herbois,  and  others,  —  execution  of 
Fouquier-Tinville  and  his  associates, — the  "White  Terror." 

IV.  Increasing  Misery. 

1.  Scarcity  and  suffering, — the  maximum  and  its  aboli- 
tion. 

2.  Depreciation  of  the  paper  money, — Puisaye's  coun- 
terfeit assignats. 

V.  Revolt  of  the  Extreme  Republicans. 

1.  Bitterness  of  strong  republicans  at  the  reaction, — 
personal  misgivings  of  republican  leaders, — popular  bit- 
terness at  the  general  misery. 

2.  Attempted  insurrection  of  the  1 2th  Germinal. 

3.  The  great  Insurrection  of  the  ist  Prairial  [20  May 
1795]  : — Storming  of  the  Convention, — murder  of  Feraud, 
— firmness  of  Boissy  d'Anglas, — crushing  of  this  insur- 
rection. 

4.  Disarming  of  the  Faubourgs. 

5.  Sketch  of  the  revolutionary  suburbs,  and  account  of 
recent  dealings  with  them — especially  by  Napoleon  III. 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

XH.    FROM  THE  DOWNFALL  OF  ROBESPIERRE  TO  THE  DI- 
RECTORY. 

27  JULY    1794-27  OCTOBER  1795. 
SECOND    LECTURE. 

VI.  The  Constitution  of  1795. 

1.  Separation  of  powers  takes  the  place  of  concentra- 
tion of  powers, — general  differences  between  the  constitu- 
tions of  1795  and  1793. 

2.  Citizenship,  —  the  legislative  body, — the  executive 
body, — the  declaration  of  duties. 

3.  The  "  Law  of  the  Two-Thirds." 

VII.  Revolt  of  the  Extreme  Reactionists. 

1.  Vexation  of  the  Reactionists  at  the  Law  of  the  Two- 
Thirds, — their  conspiracy. 

2.  Insurrection  of  the  ijtk  Vendemiaire  [5  Oct.  1795], 
— Barras, — Bonaparte, — the  Convention  saved. 

VIII.  The  Wars  of  the  Convention. 

1.  New  popular  spirit  in  which  these  wars  were  carried 
on  by  France, — two  causes  of  this.     The  new  race  of  sol- 
diers,— the  new  brood  of  generals, — the  central  adminis- 
tration,— Carnot. 

2.  The  war  against  Europe, — statistics, — record  of  a 
few  weeks  from  Montgaillard, — record  of  a  few  days  from 
the  Monitenr. 

3.  The  war  in  the  interior, — La  Vendee  and  Brittany, 
— Hoche. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

4.  Treaties  of  peace, — with  Tuscany  and  Spain, — with 
Prussia  (Treaty  of  Basle,  5  April  1795). 

IX.  Creation  of  Great  Institutions  by  the  Convention. 

1.  The  Ecole  Normale, — the  £cole  Poly  technique, — the 
Lycees  and  primary  schools, — the   Conservatoire  des  Arts 
et  Metiers, — the  national  colleges  of  Agriculture,  of  Vet- 
erinary Surgery,  of  Oriental  Languages,  of  Modern  Lan- 
guages,— the  Conservatory  of  Music. 

2.  The  decimal  system  of  weights  and  measures. 

3.  The  great  French  civil  code. 

4.  The  Institute. 

X.  Summary  and  Judgment. 

1.  Of  various  judgments  on  the    Convention  and   its 
work. 

2.  Of  certain  plain  lessons  taught  by  its  history. 


THE  DIRECTORY. 

OCTOBER  1795-NOVEMBER  1799. 

I.  FROM  ITS  ESTABLISHMENT  TO  THE  TREATY  OF  CAMPO 
FORMIO. 

27  OCTOBER  1795-17  OCTOBER  1797. 

I.  The  New  Government. 

1.  Recapitulation  of  the  constitution  of  1795. 

2.  Character  of  the  Directors, — Carnot  and   Barras, — 
La  Reveillere-Lepaux, — Rewbell  and  Letourneur. 

II.  Difficulties  of  the  New  Government. 

1.  Financial  Distress  : — Assignats, — mandats, — the  tiers 
consolide, — results  of  all  this. 

2.  Popular  Demoralization  : — Morality  and  religion, — 
the  Theophilanthropists, — causes  of  their  failure. 

3.  Plots  of  the    Ultra   Republicans:  —  Efforts   of   the 
remnant    of    the    Jacobins,  —  "Communist"    clubs   and 
phrases, — Gracchus  Babceuf  and  his  armed  insurrection. 

4.  Plots  of  the  Ultra  Monarchists:  —  Strength    given 
them  by  reaction, — Augereau's  coup  d'etat  of  the   i8th 
Fructidor  [4  Sept.  1797]. 

III.  Military  Affairs. 

1 .  Internal  Condition  : — La   Vendee   and    Brittany, — 
Roche's  "pacification." 

2.  External    Condition  :  —  Stagnation     in    operations 
against  Europe,— commands  assigned  to  Moreau,  Jourdan, 
and  Bonaparte. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

IV.  Bonaparte. 

Early  life, — education, — ideas, — first  coup  d'etat, — polit- 
ical affiliations, — military  progress. 

V.  The  War  in  Italy. 

1.  Bonaparte's  proclamation  [April  1796], — Lanfrey's 
judgment  on  it,— change  in  the  whole  spirit  of  the  war  of 
the  French  Republic  against  Europe. 

2.  His  campaigns  against  Beaulieu, — against  Wurmser, 
— against  Alvinzi, — against  the  Archduke  Charles.     Lead- 
ing peculiarities  of  his  military  method. 

3.  His  diplomacy, — two  examples  of  its  worst  phases, 
— his  dealings  with  Italian  republicanism. 

VI.  The  Treaty  of  Campo  Formio. 
The  treaty  [17  Oct.  1797], — reasons  for  it, — its  main 
provisions, — different  judgments  of  it, — its  results  to  each 
of  the  contending  powers. 


THE  DIRECTORY. 

OCTOBER  1795-NOVEMBER  1799. 

H.  FROM  THE  TREATY  OF  CAMPO  FORMIO  TO  THE 
EIGHTEENTH  BRUMAIRE. 

17  OCTOBER  1797-9  NOVEMBER  1799. 

I.  The  Egyptian  Expedition. 

1.  .Bonaparte  at  Paris  after  his  Italian  campaign, — mo- 
tives of  Bonaparte  and  the  Directory  for  bringing  on  the 
war  in  Egypt, — breaking  with  the  traditional  policy  of 
France. 

2.  The  expedition, — the  voyage  [May  1798].     Military 
successes, — moral  disasters, — English  attacks, — intercept- 
ed letters, — (Gillray's  caricatures). 

3.  The  Syrian    campaign, — revelations  of  Bonaparte's 
untruthfulness, — Emerson's  remark. 

II.  The  War  in  Europe. 

1.  Feeling  of  England. 

2.  French  war  with  Switzerland. 

3.  Congress  of  Rastadt  and  the  outrage  on  France  that 
ended  it, — English  Tory  view  of  that  crime. 

III.  The  Return  of  Bonaparte  to  France. 

1.  Increasing  difficulties  of  France, — military  reverses, 
— Massena  at  Zurich, — quarrels  among  the  Directors. — 
plots  and  counterplots. 

2.  Greatness  and  meanness  of  Bonaparte  shown  in  his 
return  from    Egypt  [August  1799], — his   conduct, — his 
tone.  » 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

IV.  The  Coup  d'Etat  of  the  Eighteenth  Brumaire. 

1.  Position  of  Bonaparte  and  the  nation. 

2.  Sieyes  and  Bonaparte  conspire,  —  recapitulation  of 
Sieyes's  history. 

3.  The  Eighteenth  Brumaire  [9  November    1799]  : — 
The  Directory  extinguished, — the  legislative  bodies  trans- 
ferred to  St.  Cloud, — Bonaparte  appeals  to  the  soldiery, 
— final  suppression  of  legislative  authority  by  arms, — es- 
tablishment of  a  provisional  Consulate,  with  Bonaparte  at 
its  head. 


THE  CONSULATE. 

NOVEMBER  1799-MAT  1804. 

I.  The  New  Constitution  (Constitution  of  the 
Year  VIII). 

1.  Sieyes's  Plan: — Lists  of  notability, — the  legislative 
body, — the  Council  of  State, — the  Tribunate, — the  Senate, 
— the  Grand  Electeur  Proclamateur, — the  Consuls. 

2.  Debate  on  this  in  committee, — Sieyes's  hope, — Bo- 
naparte's course. 

3.  The  Constitution  as  adopted, — 'its  spirit   and    main 
features, — its  immediate  and  remote  results. 

II.  The  New  Government. 

1.  Bonaparte's  relations  to  it. 

2.  Character  of  Cambaceres, — of  Lebrun. 

III.  Conciliation. 

General  moderation  in  policy, — baits  held  out  to  Re- 
publicans and  Royalists, — the  coinage, — appointments  of 
Talleyrand  and  Fouche, — treatment  of  the  Church, — ap- 
pointments to  the  public  bodies. 

IV.  Reorganization. 

1.  Excellent  choice  of  subordinates. 

2.  Finances, — public  works, — the  code,  and  Bonaparte's 
part  in  it. 

V.  General  Progress  towards  Despotism. 
i.  Bonaparte's  early  declarations    ("Three  months  of 
dictatorship  to  save  the  Republic  "), — his  immediate  vio- 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

lation  of  the  new  constitution  by  "anticipating  the  popu- 
lar will." 

2.  Centralization  of  power, — creation  of  special  tribu- 
nals,— the  police. 

3.  Caresses  for  the  Church, — letter  to  the  King  of  Eng- 
land,— the  Concordat. 

4.  Residence  at  the  Tuileries, — splendor, — changes  in 
phraseology  ("  subject "  for  "  citizen  "  in  treaties).     Sup- 
pression of  the  liberties  of  the  press, — undermining  and 
breaking  down  of  the  Tribunate.     The  Legion  of  Honor. 

VI.  Dealings  with  Europe. 

General  policy, — extortion  practiced  upon  smaller  pow- 
ers,—  Hamburg  as  a  typical  example, — use  of  peace  to 
Bonaparte. 

VII.  Military  Affairs. 

1.  Necessity  of  war  to  Bonaparte's  policy. 

2.  Suppression  of  insurrections  in   La  Vendee  and  in 
Brittany. 

3.  Italian  campaign, — the    "  reserve    camp  ", — passage 
of  the  Alps, — Marengo  [14  June  1800].     Loss  of  Egypt. 
Moreau's  victory  at  Hohenlinden. 

4.  Peace    of  Luneville    [February    1801].       Peace  of 
Amiens  [March  1802]. 

VIII.  The  Consulate  for  Ten  Years  and  for  Life. 

1.  Manner  of  the  choice. 

2.  The  expedition  to  Santo  Domingo  [March  1802], — 
major  and  minor  motives  for  it, — the  Army  of  the  Rhine, 
treatment  of  Toussaint  L'Ouverture  as  typical. 

3.  Revelations  of  Bonaparte's  intentions, — rupture  with 
England  [May  1803]. 

IX.  Opposition  in  France. 

I.  The  two  opposing  parties,  —  explosion  of  the  Rue 
St.  Nicaise,  —  Bonaparte's  incapacity  for  constitutional 
ideas  exemplified  in  his  treatment  of  guiltless  Republicans. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

2.  Royalist   plots,  —  Cadoudal,  —  Pichegru,  —  example 
made  of  the  Due  d'Enghien. 

X.  The  Close  of  the  Consulate. 

1.  "  Consular  majesty  ", — preparations  for  an  addition 
to   Bonaparte's   power, — effects   of  plots, — addresses   of 
public  bodies, — Carnot 

2.  Proclamation  of  the  Empire  [May  1804]. 


THE  FIRST  EMPIRE. 

I.    FROM  THE  PROCLAMATION  OF  THE  EMPIRE  TO  THE 
TREATY  OF  TILSIT. 

MAY  I804-JULY  1807. 

I.  The  First  Development  of  Caesarism. 

1.  The  alliance  with  the  Papacy, — recapitulation  of  Bo- 
naparte's diplomacy  with  the  Papal  government. 

2.  The  coronation  [2  Dec.  1804], — revelations  of  char- 
acter in  it  (citations  from  Bourrienne  and  Bausset).     The 
coronation  in  Italy  [26  May  1805], — the  iron  crown. 

II.  The  War  of  the  Third  Coalition. 

1.  Campaign   of    1805: — The   flotilla  in    the  English 
Channel, — sudden  turning  against  Austria  and  Russia, — 
Ulm  [17  Oct.], — peculiar  exhibition  of  Napoleon's  char- 
acter at  the  Ulm  capitulation, — Vienna, —  Austerlitz  [2 
Dec.], — treaty  of  Presburg  [26  Dec.], — end  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 

2.  Trafalgar  [21   Oct.    1805].      Death  of  Pitt  [23  Jan. 
1806]. 

III.  The  War  of  the  Fourth  Coalition. 

1.  Growth  of  anti-French  feeling  in  Prussia, — effect  of 
Napoleon's  diplomacy  in  aggravating  this, — effect  of  the 
execution  of  Palm, — difficulties  of  Prussia  as  to  territory 
and  as  to  organization  and  command  of  armies. 

2.  The  outbreak, — Jena  [14  Oct.  1806], ^-condition  of 
the  Prussian  monarchy  after  Jena. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

3.  The  Berlin  decrees  [21  Nov.  1806], — their  effect  on 
international  law.     Treatment  of  Queen  Louise, — revenge 
for  this  in   1871, — treatment  of  sundry  officials, — Napo- 
leon's trickery  and  deception. 

4.  Eylau  [8  Feb.    1807]  and  Friedland  [14  June], — 
significance  of  the  battle  of  Eylau.     Treaty  of  Tilsit  [July 
1807], — germs  of  political  evil  and  international  trouble 
in  that  treaty. 


THE  FIRST  EMPIRE. 

n.  FROM  THE  TREATY  OF  TILSIT  TO  THE  CONFERENCE  AT 
ERFURT. 

JULY  l8o7-SEPTEMBER  l8o8. 

I.  The  New  Growth  of  Imperial  Institutions, 

1.  Organic  law  of  the  year  XII, — the  great  officers  of 
state, — the  Marshals,  —  forms  and  ideas  borrowed  from 
olden  empires. 

2.  The  claim  to  the  succession  of  Charlemagne, — curi- 
ous statement  of  this  by  Napoleon,  and  striking  develop- 
ments of  it. 

3.  New  growth  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, — new  nobility, 
— the  comical  side  of  these  new  creations. 

II.  The  Napoleonic  European  Feudal  System. 
The  kingdom  of  Italy, — the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine, 

grand  fiefs, —  great  vassals, — the  remaining   monuments 
of  this  in  France. 

III.  The  Napoleonic  Internal  Administration. 

1.  Public  works, — Lanfrey's  criticism. 

2.  The  Code  Civil. 

3.  Literature    and    science, — their   decay, — historical 
parallels. 

IV.  Napoleonic  Dealings  with  Liberties. 
Chronic  misapprehension  of  English  liberty,  and  conse- 
quences of  this.      Suppression   of  the   Tribunate.     The 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

plebiscite.     Dealings  with  journalism, — with  courts  of  jus- 
tice. 

V.  Napoleonic  External  Relations. 

Peculiarities  of  Napoleon's  diplomacy,  —  its  shifting 
character, — cause  of  this  in  Napoleon's  personal  want  of 
truth, — high-handed  methods, — theatrical  methods, — 
mingling  in  it  of  Italian  and  French  characteristics, — 
Bourrienne's  statement  of  Napoleon's  formula,  —  warlike 
use  of  peaceful  negotiations. 

VI.  Napoleonism  approaching  Culmination. 

1.  The  break  with  the  Papacy, — entrance  into  Portugal, 
— into  the  Ionian  Islands, — into  Naples. 

2.  Intrigues  in  Spain, — abdication  of  the  Spanish  King 
in  favor  of  Napoleon, — accession  of  Joseph  Bonaparte, — 
the  effect  on  Europe.     Specimens  of  the  flatteries  lavished 
on  Napoleon. 

VII.  The  First  Great  Check. 

The  Spanish  uprising, — reception  of  Joseph  in  Spain, 
— the  court, — the  people, — the  clergy, — French  dealings 
with  the  Inquisition, — general  summary.  The  siege  of 
Saragossa,  —  Palafox,  —  capitulations  of  Baylen  [  July 
1808]  and  Cintra  [August  1808], — effect  of  these  dis- 
asters upon  European  feeling. 


THE  FIRST  EMPIRE. 

ffl.  FROM  THE  CONFERENCE  AT  ERFURT  TO  THE  EJYASION 
OF  RUSSIA. 

SEPTEMBER    l8o8-JUNE    l8l2. 

I.  The  Conference  at  Erfurt. 

1.  Difficulties  arising  from  the  treaty  of  Tilsit, — their 
complication  with  the  Spanish  difficulty. 

2.  Sketch  of  the  Erfurt  conference, — apotheosis  of  Na- 
poleon and  humiliation  of  European  royalty, — double  pur- 
pose accomplished  by  Napoleon  at  this  conference. 

II.  Napoleon's  Personal  Demonstration  against 
Spain. 

Intervention  of  England  in  the  Peninsula,  —  England 
sees  what  Napoleon  will  not  see, — one  grand  motive  im- 
bedded in  Napoleon's  meaner  motives  during  the  struggle 
in  the  Peninsula.  Success  of  Napoleon, — failure  of  his 
generals, — his  return  to  France. 

III.  The  Fifth  Coalition. 

1.  Austrian    preparations   for   war, — causes  of  this, — 
wrangle  over  it, — insurrection  of  the  Tyrol, — tardiness  of 
Austria. 

2.  Vigor  of  Napoleon, — his  genius  in  transmuting  great 
faults  of  his  generals  into  master-strokes, — Eckmiihl  [22 
April   1809], — Aspern    [21   May], — Wagram  [6  July], — 
Lobau,— capitulation  of  Vienna, — treaty  of  Vienna  [14 
Oct.  1809]. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY, 

IV.  Attempted  Consolidation  of  Caesarism. 

1.  Napoleon's  plans  for  a  new  marriage, — Maria  Louisa. 

2.  Dealings  with  the  finances, — new  dealings  with  the 
press. 

3.  The  continental  blockade, — Napoleon's  own  infrac- 
tions of  it. 

V.  Ominous  Change  in  the  Spirit  of  France. 

1.  Change  in  the  ideas  of  the  people, — loss  of  convic- 
tions. 

2.  Change   in   the   spirit   of    the   army, — Erckmann- 
Chatrian's  pictures.     Sketch  of  Napoleon's  minor  meth- 
ods with  the  people  and  the  army, — bulletins, — speeches, 
— recognition  of  services. 

3.  Change  in  the  spirit  of  the  great  military  leaders, — 
beginning  of  estrangement   between    Napoleon    and   his 
older  officers. 

4.  Change  in  the  person  of  Napoleon. 


THE  FIRST  EMPIRE. 

IT.   FROM  THE  INVASION  OF  RUSSIA  TO  THE  ABDICATION 
OF  NAPOLEON. 

JUNE  l8l2-APRIL  1814. 

I.   The  War  with  Russia. 

1.  Its  causes, — Napoleon's  combination  of  continental 
powers  for  the  invasion, — the  conscription  in  France  and 
its  effects. 

2.  Summary  of  events, — fancy  and  fact  regarding  the 
burning  of  Moscow, — significant  relics  of  the  French  in- 
vaders now  in  the  Kremlin. 

3.  The  retreat, —  its  result  upon  European  opinion, — 
the  Malet  conspiracy  at  Paris, — Napoleon  at  the  Tuileries, 
— his  requiem  over  his  Russian  army. 

II.  Sketch  of  French  Domination  in  Germany. 

Napoleon's  maxim  regarding  the  support  of  armies, — 
the  practical  application  of  this, — Davoust  and  Bourrienne 
as  types, — the  execution  of  Palm. 

III.  The  Uprising  in  Germany. 

1.  Significant  action  of  General  Yorck  on  the  retreat 
from  Moscow, — course  of  the  king  of  Prussia. 

2.  German    feeling,  —  the     Tugendbund,  —  Korner, — 
Arndt, — Staps, — Schill, — the  work  of  Stein  and  Harden- 
berg. 

IV.  New  Invasion  of  Germany. 

The  new  conscription  in  France  and  its  results, — the 
first  battles, — effect  of  the  changed  spirit  of  the  French 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

and  German  armies, — the   interview  between   Napoleon 
and  Metternich  at  Dresden, — Leipzig  [18,  19  Oct.  1813]. 

V.  The  Invasion  of  France. 

1.  The  conference  of  Chatillon  [Feb.   1814], — deter- 
mination of  Napoleon. 

2.  Brilliancy  of  his  efforts, — a  great  plan  not  carried 
out, — Paris  taken  [31  March  1814]. 

3.  Action  of  the  legislative  bodies, — abdication  of  Na- 
poleon [11  April  1814], — intrigues, — Napoleon  at  Elba. 


THE  RESTORATION. 

APRIL    l8l4-JULY    1830. 

I.  First  Restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 

1.  The  Treaty  of  Paris  [May  1814],— losses  of  France 
in   territory, — intrigues  regarding  a  new  government  in 
France, — Talleyrand   and    Fouche, — feeling  of  the  Em- 
peror Alexander  regarding  a  Bourbon  restoration. 

2.  Accession    of    Louis   XVIII, — his    character, — the 
"Charter", — royalist  mistakes  and  absurdities, — Dupont 
Minister  of  War, — the  Holy  Alliance, — Congress  of  Vi- 
enna [1814-15], — state  of  society. 

II.   The  Hundred  Days. 

1.  Re-entrance  of  Napoleon  into  Europe, — his  landing 
at  Cannes  [l  March  1815], — his  progress, — Ney, — flight 
of  Louis  XVIII, — action  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 

2.  The    "Hundred   Days"    [March-June   1815],— the 
new  conscription, — the  war, — the  battle  of  Waterloo  [18 
June  1815], — Napoleon's  second  abdication  [22  June], — 
his  flight, — his  surrender, — his  life  at  St.  Helena. 

III.    Second  Restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 

1.  Return  of  Louis  XVIII, — France   still   further   re- 
duced in  territory. 

2.  Reign  of  Louis  XVIII, — general  reactionary  charac- 
ter of  the  time, — assassinations, — massacres  in  the  south 
of  France, — executions, — the  Concordat, — arbitrary  acts, 
—death  of  Louis  XVIII  [1825]. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

IV.    Charles  X. 

Character  of  Charles  X, — his  inferiority  to  Louis, — 
some  features  of  his  early  history, — his  coronation, — his 
reign  [1825-1830], — state  of  society. 

V.   The  Reaction  in  Full  Bloom. 
Growth  of  the  reaction  in  literature  under  the  Restora- 
tion,—  Chateaubriand,  —  Lamennais, — De    Maistre, — the 
Congregation, — societies  affiliated  with  the  Jesuits, — gov- 
ernment action  in  politics  and  religion. 

VI.  Revival  of  the  Spirit  of  the  Revolution. 

1.  This  revival  in  literature, — Beranger, —  Paul- Louis 
Courier, — Victor  Hugo, — Thiers's  History  of  the  Revolu- 
tion,— lectures  of  Guizot,  Villemain,  and  Cousin. 

2.  The  July  Revolution  : — Action  regarding  the  legis- 
lative body  and  the  liberty  of  the  press, — the  outbreak 
[27  July  1830], — the  three  days, — Charles  X  driven  from 
the  throne, — the  provisional  government, — the  Duke  of 
Orleans  comes  to  the  throne  as  Louis  Philippe,  King  of 
the  French. 


LOUIS  PHILIPPE. 

AUGUST    I830-FEBRUARY    1848. 

I.  Louis  Philippe. 

His  early  history, — some  leading  traits  of  his  character, 
—deterioration  of  some  of  these,  especially  kingcraft  and 
thrift 

II.  General  Difficulties  in  Administration  at  this 
Period. 

Conflicting  theories,  expectations,  sects,  parties,  and  fac- 
tions,— mania  for  position, — popular  ignorance. 

III.  Special  Difficulties  of  Louis   Philippe's  Admin- 
istration. 

1.  The  charter  restriction  of  the  suffrage, — characters 
of  Guizot,  Thiers,  and  other  leaders, — death  of  the  Duke 
of  Bourbon, — the   cholera, — insurrections   of  Paris   and 
Lyons. 

2.  Republican  attempts, — socialist  attempts, — legitimist 
attempts,  —  Bonapartist   attempts,  —  Louis   Napoleon    at 
Strasbourg  and  Boulogne, — Polish  attempts, — attempts  at 
assassination. 

3.  Unreason  on  both  sides, — professional  revolutionists, 
— Blanqui  and  Barbes  as  types, — the  Archbishop  of  Paris 
on  the  cholera,  and  the  Archbishop  of  Besancon  on  rail- 
ways. 

4.  Current  of  Literature  Undermining  the  Throne  : — 
Michelet's  "  History  of  France  " — Lamartine's  "  History 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

of  the  Girondists  ", — Thiers's  "  Consulate  and  Empire  ", 
— Louis  Blanc's  writings, — journalism. 

5.  Difficulties   of  Anglican  constitutional   government 
on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  especially  in  France. 

6.  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans, — difficulties  abroad, — 
recognition  by  European  powers, — Poland,  Holland,  and 
Belgium. 

IV.   Character  of  his  Reign. 

1.  Its  Better  Side: — Efforts   at   constitutional    rule, — 
choice  of  ministers, — moderation, — common  sense  (cita- 
tion from  Guizot's  "Memoires"), — character  of  the  court, 
— public    works, — social    amelioration, — English  alliance, 
— the  war  in  Algiers,  (a)  as  a  training  school  for  soldiers, 
($),  as  the    forerunner   of  colonization, — common    sense 
methods, — the  Robert- Houdin  example. 

2.  Its  More  Doubtful  Side: — The  Paris  fortifications, — 
their  double  purpose, — expected  and  real  results, — deal- 
ings with  the  Duchess  of  Berri, — influencing  of  legislation, 
— accumulation  of  wealth  by  the  King, —  contemporary 
opinion  of  him. 

V.  The  Guizot  Administration. 
"  Smart "  policy, — attempts  to  pet  the  English  monarch 
and  cheat  English  statesmen, — loss  of  the   English  alli- 
ance,— peaceful  policy, — use  made  of  this  by  Thiers  and 
others, — the  basis  of  suffrage, — use  made  of  this. 

VI.    The  Revolution  of  1848. 

The  cry  made  for  reform, — the  banquets, — stubborn- 
ness of  Guizot, — suddenness  of  the  Revolution  of  1848, — 
Lagrange, — abdication  of  the  King  [Feb.  1848], — charac- 
ter of  this  revolution, — of  sterile  revolutions  in  general. 


THE  REPUBLIC  OF  1848  AND  THE  SECOND 
EMPIRE. 

I.   The  Provisional  Government  and  Second 
Republic. 

Difficulties  in  the  capital  and  in  the  country, — Lamar- 
tine's  efforts,; — Louis  Blanc's  efforts, — organization  of  la- 
bor,— the  national  workshops, — struggles  with  destruc- 
tives,— Proudhon's  phrase, — the  Brea  murder  as  typical, — 
Cavaignac. 

II.  Transition  to  the  Empire. 

Louis  Napoleon's  "  profession  of  faith "  on  entering 
France  (citations  from  "  Les  Murailles  Revolutionnaires  "), 
— phrases  skillfully  made  and  spread, — examples  of  the 
effect  of  phrase-mongering  in  France.  Election  of  Louis 
Napoleon  to  the  presidency, — the  conspiracy, — the  coup 
d'etat, — statements  of  Kinglake  and  of  Bishop  Coxe, — 
treatment  of  Thiers  and  others, — harshness  to  republicans 
and  socialists, — the  "Deportations."  Inevitable  approach 
of  "  the  man  on  horseback." 

III.  The  Second  Empire. 

1.  Diplomatic  and  Military  Successes: — Title  taken, — 
tone   towards   foreign    powers,  —  Eastern    question, — the 
Holy  Places, — English  alliance  and  Crimean  war, — mutual 
endearments  of  French  and  English  sovereigns. 

2.  Administrative  Successes : — Splendor  given  to  great 
cities, — strategic   objects, — Haussmann, —  the    finances, — 
Fould, — the  national  loan, — material  progress  of  France. 


OUTLINES  OF  LECTURES  ON  HISTORY. 

3.  Lines  of  policy  relied  upon  to  win  the  middle  classes, 
— the  proletariate, — the  liberals, — the  reactionists, —  the 
people  in  general, — significance  of  the  Italian  war  and  the 
treaty  of  Villafranca, — attempts  to  ally  Caesarism  with 
liberalism, — "  Life  of  Caesar," — Duruy, — decentralization, 
— losing  of  shackles  upon  the  press. 

IV.  "Weakening  of  the  Imperial  Power. 

1.  The  invasion  of  Mexico  and  its  results, — war  between 
Austria  and  Prussia  and  its  results, — supposed  culmination 
of  the  imperial  power  in  the  events  which  led  to  its  down- 
fall. 

2.  Results  of  the  increased  freedom  of  the  press, — Bo- 
hemianism, — Rochefort  and  La  Lanterne, — Pierre  Bona- 
parte and  Victor  Noir. 

3.  Results  of  increased  freedom  of  speech, — the  Thiers 
speeches, — the  Ollivier  government. 

V.  Decline  and  Collapse  of  the  Second  Empire. 

1.  French   awakening   after   the    battle  of  Sadowa, — 
progress  of  evil  relations  with  Prussia, — war  and  anti-war 
parties, — the  Empress  Eugenie, — Thiers. 

2.  Outbreak  of  war  [19  July  1870], — utter  breaking 
down  of  the  material,    mental,    and    moral   strength    of 
France, — revelations  in  the  Tuileries  papers, — Lebceuf, — 
the  Prussian  triumph. 

3.  The  Thiers  government  and  the  Commune, — "  Com- 
munal "  rule  (citations  from  certain    recent  publications, 
especially  "  La  Fin  de  la  Boheme  "  in  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Monde  s), — one  good  result :  collapse  of  a  superstition  re- 
garding the  Parisian  mob. 

VI.  The  Third  Republic. 

The  Wallon  constitution,  —  Gambetta, — presidency  of 
Thiers, — of  Mac  Mahon, — the  Jules  Simon  and  Fortou  ep- 
isodes,— the  Grevy  presidency, — the  Freycinet  policy  and 
its  results, — industrialism  vs.  "  glory." 


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